Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid11th century. The Vikings came from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Viking age in European history was about AD 700 to 1100. During this period many Vikings left Scandinavia and travelled to other countries, such as Britain and Ireland. Some went to fight and steal treasure. Others settled in new lands as farmers, craftsmen or traders. ships There were two distinct classes of Viking ships: the longship and the knarr. The longship is characterized as a graceful, long, narrow, light, wooden boat with a shallow draft hull designed for speed. Typically, a longship is narrower, longer, and shallower than a knarr, and is powered by oars. It is completely open and is built for speed and maneuverability.
job, after school, of course. For example, I would like to wash dishes, with the machinery. After high school I`m probably going to study economics. I want to open their own cafe, breaking through the corporate world must be educated. Primary school I wanted to become a singer, but I realized that I`m not suitable for this purpose. Stewardess, it seems an interesting profession, as it offers the opportunity to travel a lot. Is a small chance that I`m gonna craftsmen, because I love crochet. Or gonna fashion designer. Maybe I`m gonna teach literature. (Especially do not believe it.)
ehitustraditsioon, mida iseloomustavad vanad talumajad, armeenia ja gruusia kirikud ning vanad puidust moseed. Näituse eesmärgiks on pöörata tähelepanu Türgi Musta mere piirkonna hävimisohus rahvaliku arhitektuuripärandi kaitsele ja professionaalsele restaureerimisele. Näitusel kasutatud fotode autor on türgi fotograaf Ali Konyali. Näitusega koos oli võimalik vaadata ka Suha Arini dokumentaalfilmi ,,When The Fog is Swept Away, The Old Houses and Craftsmen of Eastern Black Sea Region". Rändnäitus on olnud väljas Sarajevos, Ljubljanas, Tbilisis, Batumis, Soome Arhitektuurimuuseumis Helsingis, Oulus, Rovaniemis ning Vahemere ja Lähis-Ida Antiigimuuseumis Stockholmis. Pärast näitust Tallinnas Eesti Arhitektuurimuuseumis rändab näitus edasi Kopenhaageni Kuningliku Kaunite Kunstide Akadeemia Arhitektuurikooli ja Alhambra Muuseumi Granadas.Olles ametliku poolega ühele poole saanud, tahaksin rääkida natuke näituse
the River Narva a unique architectural ensemble in Northern Europe. Three wings of the stronghold and the Tower of Tall Hermann are open to visitors. The historical interiors in the West and North wings have been restored. In the five halls of the stronghold the history of the town of Narva of the period from the 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century is on display: products of local craftsmen, flags of the guilds, arms, commodities, architectural details. · Palmse manor, situated in the heart of the Lahemaa National Park, is one of the most unique restored manor ensembles in the Baltic States. The mighty manor building, dating from the 18th century, which belonged to the von Pahlens family, has been restored. The manor ensemble is surrounded by a park, where rare, old trees grow and swan lakes and park pavilions can be found. There is a
Mosaic – Mosaiik Myth – Müüt Pedagogue – Pedagoogiline Professional – Profesionaalne Republic – Vabariik Sacred – Püha Sewage – Kanalisatsioon Tax – Maks Tribe – Hõim Villa – Villa Etc – Jne HADRIAN’S WALL 6 .Ülesanne Kehtestama – Led Kaitse – Defense Tähistama – Victory Piir – Limits Täiendama – Supplemented Kraav – Diatch Muldvall – earthwork Piirama,Kitsendama – restricted Vahemaa – Intervals Oskustööline – Craftsmen Kaupmees – Traders Muljet avaldav , mõjukas – impressive 7.Ülesanne 1 . Britain Julius met in worth two great celtic tribes,the Brigantes and the Picts. 2. Caledonia is present – day Scotland it was wild mountains country and the people was Roman way of life . 3. Empreror Hadrian understood that it was impossible to introduce the northen people to the Roman way of life . 4. The emperor therefore ordered to build a great defensive wall wich would mark
A legend tells that the builder of the church, named Olaf, upon its completion, fell to his death from atop the tower. It is said that when his body hit the ground, a snake and a toad crawled out of his mouth. 5. Blackhead's house Pikk tn 26 - Reneissance, 14. cent. It is the house of the brotherhood. It used to unite single young and foreign merchants. 6. Kanuti Gild - 13.cent. It is a union of german craftsmen in Tallinn. Its was at it's best 16 cent. Above the door is the founder of the union, king Knut 7. Suurgildi hoone - gothics. Belonged to Tallinn's Suurgildile, where were the town's most powerful and richest merchants. Hoone Ehitus kestis 14071410, siseviimistlus lõpetati 1417. 8. Holy ghost church - 14. Century. One of Tallinn's oldest churches, and the only sacred building that preserved its original form
both from land and sea. The upper town (Toompea) with the castle and the cathedral has always been the administrative centre of the country, whereas the lower town preserves to a remarkable extent the medieval urban fabric of narrow winding streets, many of which retain their medieval names, and fine public and burgher buildings, including town wall, Town Hall, pharmacy, churches, monasteries, merchants' and craftsmen' guilds, and the domestic architecture of the merchants' houses, which have survived to a remarkable degree. The distribution of building plots survives virtually intact from the 13th-14th centuries. The Outstanding Universal Value of the Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn is demonstrated in its existence as an outstanding, exceptionally complete and well preserved example of a medieval northern European trading city that retains the salient features of this
people. Everybody seems to be in a hurry. At other times, they are empty. The Londoners only work in the City. They live in other parts of the town, but still about 10000 people have a home there. Westminster Abbey is a big church in the centre of London, where many famous writers and scientists are buried. The underground railway called the Tube connects the centre with all parts of London. The East End lies in the eastern part of London and is mainly populated by factory workers and craftsmen. The houses looked old and grey and the streets are rather narrow, but now there are new houses and the East end looks much more better than before. The West End lies in the western part of London. This is the region, where wealthy people live.
The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj") is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage." Building began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, and employed thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The Persian architect, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer of the Taj Mahal. Origin and inspiration In 1631 the emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was griefstricken when his third wife died during the birth of their fourteenth child. In her dying breath, his wife urged him to build a mausoleum for her that the world has never seen before.
At present 1.8 km of the town wall and 26 towers have been preserved. The names of some of the towers are rather well-known - Tall Hermann, Kiek-in-de-Kök, Virgin Tower, Stable Tower, Sauna Tower. The towers are also connected with lots of ghost stories. Stable Tower was considered to be the most haunted one. Lower Town In the 13th century a large number of Germans settled at the foot of the Upper town, where they gradually built a free town of merchants and craftsmen the so-called Lower Town. It was laid out with three things in mind: the place had to serve as a fortress, and it had to have both a port and a marketplace. As a rule, people lived on the ground and first floors of a house. Goods were kept on the second or even the third floor. They were hoisted up with the help of pulleys. Only one room was heated; in other rooms, warm stones were used. Water was drawn either from public town wells or a private well in the cellar of the house. Streets
2 Towns (Upper & Lower Town) Tallinn used to be divided into 2 parts - Upper Town where lived the aristocracy, gentry and the clergy; and Lower Town with traders, craftsmen and merchants. Legend says the Toompea Hill is actually the tumulus mound of the great Kalev. Linda carried rocks to his grave. It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least
important trading commodity, Tallinn is said to have been built on it. Its geographical position was very favourable, with its wide bay protected by the two outlying islands of Aegna and Naissaar; it proved a suitable place for a large port. By the 12th century there were already six inland trade routes leading to the port, which was often visited by foreign ships. Tallinn developed along three lines: fortress, port and market town. The Lower Town, a free town of merchants and craftsmen, gradually evolved at the foot of Toompea. From the 13th century onwards these became separate towns with different communities, both with their own interests and laws. Tallinn grew rapidly and had developed into a well-known trading centre by the 15th, century. A century later its population of 7,000-8,000 made it one of the biggest cities in northern Europe. Unfortunately, prosperity did not last long due to the weakening of the Hanseatic League, epidemics, hunger and wars
VÄRVAL), Weaver (est: KANGUR), Carpet maker (est: VAIBAMEISTER): how were they dressed? What has been said about their wives? Listed together, the five Guildsmen appear as a unit. English guilds were a combination of labor unions and social fraternities: craftsmen of similar occupations joined together to increase their bargaining power and live communally. All five Guildsmen are clad in the livery of their brotherhood. T he Cook (est: KOKK): Describe his skills? What could affect the quality of his food? The Cook works for the Guildsmen. Chaucer gives little detail about him, although he mentions a crusty sore on the Cook's leg.
legend, but no evidence has been found to prove it. The main or the first floor was made up of the Citizens' Hall, the Council Hall, the office, the kitchen and the toilet. In the Council Hall the town councillors held their official meetings. They also had their parties and receptions there. Town Hall Square In the Middle Ages it was the real centre of the town, the focus of its social life and the most crowded part of Tallinn in those days. There were dwelling houses of the merchants and craftsmen at the side of the square. Numerous shops and stalls stood in front of them where tradesmen sold their goods. The square was a market place already in the 11th century and served as such until 1896. It was called Suur Turg and got its present name Raekoja Plats only in 1923. On one side of the square, there was the House of Weights and Measures where all imported goods were weighed and measured before they got into the shop.
suspended span. Figure 3 Bridge of Khaju (1667), Isfahan (Iran), Figure 4 Kintaiko (1673), Iwakuni (Japan), with its five combining architecture and engineering in splendid wooden arches intricately wedged, slotted, and harmony, functioned as a bridge, dam, and a resort for dovetailed, has been faithfully rebuilt for centuries. Each generation of craftsmen has carefully replicated the thirsty travellers coming off the desert. joinery techniques and materials of their predecessors. Shunsuke Baba, photographer Shunsuke Baba, photographer Medieval bridges The revival of bridge building in Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire was marked by the
200 Norman ones. By 1086, only two of the greater landlords and only two bishops were English. In 1086, William’s officials surveyed much of England to record the ownership, size and value of each manor. Their records formed the Domesday Book which provided information for William’s tax officers. French became the language of the country’s ruling class for several hundred years. But Anglo-Normans had to talk to the conquered population – traders, craftsmen and peasants, and fairly soon they (the third generation) became bilingual. The Anglo-Norman Empire William controlled two large areas: Normandy, which he had inherited from his father, and England, which he had won in war. As duke of Normandy he had to recognize the king of France as his lord, whereas in England he was king with no lord above him. Through a number of marriages, William’s successors added to Normandy the provinces of
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