principles as the modern day incarnation. The first of these was identified as part of Shang Dynasty China in the 5th century BC, the game's objective being to kick a leather ball through a hole in a piece of cloth which between two 30 foot poles. The Tsu'Chu military exercise in 3rd century China was also an interesting elaboration on this theme; the premise once again being to kick a leather ball through a 30-40 centimetre opening. As the Tsu'Chu exercise lacked the central team element of today's football, attention has also been given to the Greek and Roman games of episkyros and Harpastum respectively. The latter is particularly interesting as a game played on a rectangular grass surface with a ball roughly equivalent to a softball today. Medieval football Despite some signs of the game we love today in the Ancient World, the true
Teema 5. Koostatud 30.12..2001. Laevade ehitus. Täiendatud 23.11.2004. P=AwT kust juba : T=P/AW, ja uus süvis T'=T+T, kusjuures lasti mahavõtmisel on d negatiivne ja lasti lisamisel positiivne. Kui võtta T=1cm, siis saame tonnide arvu q, mis suurendab süvist 1cm võrra: TPC (Tonnes per centimetre immersion) ehk q=0,01AW=AW/100 t/cm Need andmed on samuti teoreetilise joonise kõverates (Joon. 5.6. kõver 7, vt ka Tahvel 5.IV) Joon. 5.6. Veeväljasurve muutumine olenevalt süvise muutumisest kajastub ka eelnimetatud kõverate alusel koostatud diagrammist, mida nimetatakse lastiskaalaks. Sellele diagrammile kantakse ka TPC (ehk q) suurus olenevalt süvisest. (Joon. 5.7.) 4
veeväljasurve. Tühiveeväljasurve light displacement L laevakere, masinavärgi, varuosade ja katlavee kaal. Ujuvuskese centre of flotation F tegeliku ujuvuspinna raskuskese; punkt ujuvuspinnal, mille ümber laev kreeni ja trimmi läheb. Ujuvusvaru reserve buoyancy laevakere maht ujuvuspinna ja vabapardateki vahel. Vabaparras freeboard f tekijoone kaugus veepinnast. Ühe cm süvisemuutuse kaal tons per centimetre immersion TPC lasti kaal, mis on vajalik laeva vettevajutamiseks ühe sentimeetri võrra. Ühe cm trimmimuutuse moment moment to change trim by one cm MTC ühesentimeetriseks trimmimuutuseks vajaliku momendi väärtus. D. Õppeaines käsitletud olulised võrrandid Püstuvuse põhivalem BM = I WP / DISV , kus IWP on ujuvuspinna teine inertsimoment Kastikujulise kere I WP = L × B 3 / 12
praktiliselt ei muutunud, AW=AW1) süvise muutusega δT: δV=AWδT asendades δV valemis P tarvis, saame: P=AwδTρ P kust juba: δT = ja uus süvis T’=T+δT, ρA W kusjuures lasti mahavõtmisel on δT negatiivne ja lasti lisamisel positiivne. Kui võtta δT=1cm, siis saame tonnide arvu, mis muudab süvist 1cm võrra: TPC (Tonnes per centimetre immersion), vahel kasutatakse sümbolit q, kujutab endast tonnide arvu, mille lisamine laeva massile suurendab laeva keskmist süvist 1 sentimeetri võrra. 9 Kapten Rein Raudsalu MNI Loengud Eesti Mereakadeemias Teema 3. Koostatud 30.12..2004. Laevade ehitus. Täiendatud 23.07.2012.
278 = Newtons (N) x 3.6 = Ounces-force (ozf; oz) Pounds-force (lbf; lb) x 4.448 = Newtons (N) x 0.225 = Pounds-force (lbf; lb) Newtons (N) x 0.1 = Kilograms-force (kgf; kg) x 9.81 = Newtons (N) Pressure Pounds-force per square inch x 0.070 = Kilograms-force per square x 14.223 = Pounds-force per square inch (psi; lbf/in2; lb/in2) centimetre (kgf/cm2; kg/cm2) (psi; lbf/in2; lb/in2) Pounds-force per square inch x 0.068 = Atmospheres (atm) x 14.696 = Pounds-force per square inch (psi; lbf/in2; lb/in2) (psi; lbf/in2; lb/in2) Pounds-force per square inch x 0.069 = Bars x 14.5 = Pounds-force per square inch
the skin) and they become intermingled. Where there are fewer pigment producing cells, each cell has room to grow into patches of colour (imagine plants forming clumps in a flower border). As an interesting side note, human women can also have X-inactivation. Although there are no tortoiseshell women, there is an uncommon condition called anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia caused by a faulty gene on the X chromosome. The faulty gene reduces the number of sweat glands per square centimetre on the skin. In women who inherit one normal gene and one faulty gene; their skin may be divided into hundreds of small patches which only become visible when they sweat. The normal patches of skin sweat normally, but the patches derived from cells with a faulty gene don't. To be completely accurate, O = orange and o = "non-orange" meaning that o allows whatever colour is carried on other chromosomes to be displayed (black, blue, chocolate etc). The O
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