Unit nonresponse is the failure to obtain any information from an eligible sample unit. Unit nonresponse can be the result of noncontact or refusal. Lynn (Chapter 3) provides an extensive overview on nonresponse and nonresponse error; for a discussion of nonresponse error in cross-cultural studies, see Couper and 13 de Leeuw (2003); for statistical adjustment and weighting see Biemer and Christ (Chapter 16). Item-nonresponse or item missing data refers to the failure to obtain information for one or more questions in a survey, given that the other questions are completed. For an introduction see de Leeuw, Hox, and Huisman (2003), for statistical approaches to deal with missing data see Chapter 18 by Rässler, Rubin, and Schenker. Nonresponse error is a function of the response rate and the differences between respondents and nonrespondents
Private health insurance or disability insurance. 5. pension money you reasave regulary, at a point of age you cant work any more 6. workers `compensation offered by company when you have a work realated accident 7. fringe benefits Benefits offered by companis that are from theire own will, these benefits are not aquired by law. 8. Remuneration money erned by a peson, an organization or a country, Payment that you get for your work 9. Weighting - Extra amount of pay given because you work in an area where it is expensive to live. 10. Perk sometihing exstra you get from a job, like fringe benefits, but it can have no monetary value, like a chance to travel. 11. royalty A payment that someone such as a writer or musician gets each time their work is sold or performed. HOW COMPANIES ADVERTISE 1. Word-of-mouth advertising Free advertising, friends tell other friends abaout products. 2
observable components. Different AES systems evaluate different numbers of these components. Page and Peterson (1995) referred to these elements as "proxes" or approximations for underlying "trins" (i.e., intrinsic characteristics) of writing. It is the observable components that automated essay scoring engines, identify, computationally, and subsequently use to compute essay scores. AES statistical models are developed by weighting the various observable components as they relate to intrinsic characteristics of writing. For example, a model in the PEG system, might be formed by taking five intrinsic characteristics of writing (content, creativity, style, mechanics, and organization) and linking proxes. An example of a simple prox is essay length. The empirical evidence suggests that the longer an essay is, the more highly valued it is by a rater. This could be
Valimi kvaliteedist Kvaliteetne valim on kvaliteetse uurimistulemuse üks põhieeldusi. Valim peab olema: a) tasakaalustatud (unbiased) b) esinduslik, st. peegeldama adekvaatselt üldkogumi proportsioone Otsesed meetodid kvaliteedi tagamiseks Vastamismäär (response rate). Mitte alla 50% Kuidas tagada nõutav vastamismäär? järelküsitlused kvalifitseeritud küsitlejad hea küsimustik kaalumine (weighting) Näit. kui respondentide hulgas on 16-24 aastasi 2x vähem kui peaks olema vastavalt üldkogumile, tuleks anda selle grupi vastustele koefitsent 2 (2-ga läbi korrutada). Kaalumise puhul eeldatakse, et mitte-vastajad oleksid täitnud ankeedi analoogiliselt vastanutele, mis alati ei pruugi nii olla Andmeallikate tüübid Primaarsed ehk esmased andmeallikad Sekundaarsed ehk teisesed andmeallikad Tertsiaarsed ehk kolmandased andmeallikad
suurest osakaalust, viletsast küsimustikust, asjatundmatust intervjueerijast jne. VV väljendub statistiliselt standardveana (standard error,SE) ja viitab tasakaalustamata valimile (biased sample). Mida väiksem on SE väärtus, seda kvaliteetsem uuring. Otsesed meetodid kvaliteedi tagamiseks •vastamismäär (response rate). Mitte alla 50% •Kuidas tagada nõutav vastamismäär? o järelküsitlused o kvalifitseeritud küsitlejad o hea küsimustik •kaalumine (weighting) oNäit. kui respondentide hulgas on 16-24 aastasi 2x vähem kui peaks olema vastavalt üldkogumile, tuleks anda selle grupi vastustele koefitsent 2 (2-ga läbi korrutada). oKaalumise puhul eeldatakse, et mitte-vastajad oleksid täitnud ankeedi analoogiliselt vastanutele, mis alati ei pruugi nii olla Andmeallikate tüübid •Primaarsed ehk esmased andmeallikad – uurija ise kogub need oma uurimiseesmärkidega kooskõlas
87 l/(m2·d)) and 149 l/(apt·d) (i.e. deviation 109 l/(apt·d)). The average consumption of hot water per square metre in the buildings studies is 1.1 l/(m2·d) (i.e. deviation 0.35 l/(m2·d)). The energy performance value of wooden apartment buildings is between 220…290 kWh/(m2·a) on average. The energy performance value includes the heat and fuel needs for heating, ventilation, domestic hot water as well the electricity for lighting, electrical appliances, technical systems, and cooling. Weighting factors of energy carriers take into account the influence of the use of renewable energy. Depending on the type of housing, it is possible to achieve energy efficiency class C…D ( 121…200 kWh/(m2·a)) upon renovation without spoiling the cultural and environmental value of the building. 16.11 The assessments and strategic attitudes of apartment owners The living density of studied apartments was 26 m2/per on average and the average number of residents was 2
(1958: 172), and that is what enables us to get a linguistic handle on the world in the first place. We would need to make some refinements. For example, if one is a Searlean it seems natural to require that a "sufficient number" be at least over half--otherwise two obviously distinct individuals could both be the name's referent. Also, we would surely want to say that some of a person's identifying properties are more important than others in determining his or her identity; some way of weighting the identifying descriptions is involved. This Cluster Theory allows Searle to avoid the two objections we have raised for Russell's view. Objection 1 is mooted because Searle has aban- doned the commitment that for each name there must be some one particular description that it expresses. The name is tied semantically just to a loose cluster of descriptions. Objection 2 is blunted (Searle believes) by the fact that different people can have different subclusters of descriptive material in
Introspection, attitude change, and behavior consistency. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychol- ogy (Vol. 22). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Wood, W., Wong, F. Y., 8z Chachere, J G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewer's aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383. Wooten, D. B., 8z Reed, A (1998). Informational influence and the ambiguity of product experience: Order effects on the weighting of evidence. Journal of Consumer Research, 7,79-99· Worchel, S. (1979). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup conflict: Some deter- mining factors. In W. Austin 8z S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Worchel, S., 8z Arnold, S. E. (1973). The effects of censorship and the attractiveness of the censor on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, g, 365-377. Worchel, S
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