Robert Sobukwe Banned in 1960 at the same time as the ANC Black Consciousness Movement Closely associated with Steve Biko Emerged out of the Students' Movement in the 1960s/70s Rejected the white liberal National Students' Association The apartheid state followed those in exile with spies and parcel bombs. UDF : broad coalition of groups; Linked to Congress movement, trades unions and churches; Mobilized urban uprisings against apartheid state best known member Arch-Bishop Desmond Tutu Progressive party: committed to a qualified non-racial franchise Helen Suzman Main opposition to NP in Parliament before 1994 Later became the Democratic Party Inkatha: Zulu Nationalist party ; Led by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi co-operated with the apartheid state by governing the Kwa Zulu homeland but refused to accept `independence' Rejected the armed struggle Later called Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
The early middle ages The Norman Conquest Since William was crowned king, there were many rebellions against the Normans. A small Norman army marched from village to village and destroyed the ones it couldn't control. The Normans took away the Saxon lords' land. Only a few Saxons who supported William could keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles. Of all the farmland half went to his nobles, quarter to church and fifth he kept to himself. William organised the English kingdom according to feudal system. The main purpose of using that system was economic. King gave the land to "vassals" in return of army services and goods. When a noble dies, his son took over the estate. When there was no family, the
· Gave the nobles land · Scattered them all over England (could not gather power in one area) · Exceptions: frontiers bordering Scotland and Wales · Took about 20% of England's land for himself · Showing that it was the primary source of power · Demanded a large feudal army from the barons · England came to resemble the feudal monarchy of France · Built around 500 castles · Against local uprisings and foreign invasions · Used Saxon institutions to great advantage · Demanded from each freeman a personal oath of loyalty · Took precedence over feudal oaths vassals paid their lords · Result: strengthening ties of loyalty to the king · Continued to collect the only non-feudal tax in Western Europe · Based on the Danegeld · Allowed the Church to set up its own independent court system · Kept tight control of the elections bishops, archbishops and abbots
go back and forth between the two houses Henry VI was sent to prison in 1461 and the throne went to his cousin, Edward IV from the House of York who reigned until 1483 His brother, Richard of Gloucester was determined to become the King so he prevented Edward V to claim the throne (one of the mysteries at the Tower) In 1483, he became Richard III There were rebellions against Richard III and although he had been successful in dealing with the uprisings, he was defeated by Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster in August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field Henry Tudor became King Henry VII He married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, uniting the two royal houses - The two symbols, a red rose for the House of Lancaster and a white rose for the House of York, were united into the new emblem of the red and white Tudor Rose 1485 marked the beginning of the Tudor Dynasty
A huge, mostly African, slave population grew up around the sugarcane plantations in the 18th cent., when Jamaica was a leading world sugar producer. Freed and escaped slaves, sometimes aided by the maroons (slaves who had escaped to remote areas after Spain lost 3 control of Jamaica), succeeded in organizing frequent uprisings against the European landowners. The sugar industry declined in the 19th cent., partly because of the abolition of slavery in 1833 (effective 1838) and partly because of the elimination in 1846 of the imperial preference tariff for colonial products entering the British market. Economic hardship was the prime motive behind the Morant Bay rebellion by freedmen in 1865. The British ruthlessly quelled the uprising and also forced the frightened legislature to surrender its
· Name Charlotte Brontë's works. What are they about? Jane Eyre, published in 1847 one of the mos famous of British novels, Brontë's strongest work, was an immediate critical and popular success. Character - a small, plain-faced, intelligent and passionate English orphan girl. Shirley, published in 1849 a social novel, set in Yorkshire in the period 1811-1812, during the industrial depression resulting from the Napoleonic wars amd the War 1812, set against backdrop of the Luddite uprisings in the Yorkshire textile industry. Villette, published 1853 after an unspecified family disaster, protagonist Lucy Snowe travels to the fictional city of Villette to teach at an all-girls school where she is unwilligly pulled into both adventure and romance, acute tracing of Lucy's psychology, use of Gothic doubling to represent externally what her protagonist ise suffering internally. The Professor, written before Jane Eyre, rejected by many publishing houses, published 1857, story of a
undisputed leader of the Cabinet. Walpole's influence on the politics of his day was tremendous. The Tories became a minor, insignificant faction, and the Whigs became a dominant and largely unopposed party. Walpole's strategy of keeping Great Britain at peace contributed greatly to the country's prosperity. Walpole also managed to secure the position of the Hanoverian Dynasty, and effectively countervailed Jacobitism. *The Jackobite Rebellions of 1708, 1715, 1745 They were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The uprisings were aimed at returning James VII of Scotland and II of England, and later his descendants of the House of Stuart, to the throne. Although each Jacobite Rising has unique features, they all formed part of a larger series of military campaigns by Jacobites attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the thrones of Scotland and England. The risings continued, and even intensified, after the
the lowest taxes in the Western World. According to historian Thomas Fleming (1997), it wasn't until the British sought a cut of this widespread prosperity (by levy- ing taxes) that the Americans revolted. Davies has gathered persuasive evidence for his novel thesis from a range of revolutions, revolts, and internal wars, including the French, Russian, and Egyptian revolutions, as well as such domestic uprisings as Dorr's Rebellion in nineteenth- century Rhode Island, the American Civil War, and the urban black riots of the 1960s. In each case, a time of increasing well-being preceded a tight cluster of re- versals that burst into violence. The racial conflict in America's cities during the mid-1960s represents a case in point that many of us can recall. At the time, it was not uncommon to hear the question, "Why now
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