people who come from a wider area of the innermost eastern suburbs of London and also an adjoining area south of the Thames. `Cockney' is also used to describe a strong London accent and it is associated with working-class origins. A feature of Cockney speech is rhyming slang : `wife' is referred to as `trouble and strife' and `stairs' as `apples and pears'. 6. Explain the following notions: snobbery, inverted snobbery, posh and being posh, blue/ white collar workers, underclass, social mobility. inverted snobbery middle-class people try to adopt working-class values and habits. posh of a class higher than the one I belong to; being posh being pretentious 7. In the early years of the twentieth century, the playwright and social commentator George Bernard Shaw remarked that an Englishman only had to open his mouth to make some other Englishman despise him. What was he talking about? Would he say the same thing today? 8
worryingly 8 horrific/horrifying EX 37 Recycled b, overwhelmed f, underpaid d, overheat a, underground e, outwit c. Redo, recook, relive, redeveloped, reuse, reestimate, refund, rerun, replay, redress, rewrite b. Overdo, overcook, overdeveloped, overuse, overestimate, overplay, overdress a. Overrun f, overlook not notice or look out over Underdo, undercook, underdeveloped, underuse, underestimate, underplay d. Underclass and underline e. Underwrite agree to provide money needed to cover losses. Outdo, outlive, outclass, outrun, outplay c. Outlook attitude or forecast. Outline general shape or general explanation, or show general shape or give general explanation. EX 38 Presence, tolerance, complexity, courtship, persistence, dependence, brevity, craftsmanship, sincerity, anxiety, fragility, resilience, leadership, resonance.
The labour party gradually replaced the liberals as the main opposition to conservatives From the 1930s to 80s the trades union congress was probably the single most powerful political force outside of the institutions of government and parliament since then the working class has faded as a political force in 1900 a general sence of prosperity was combined with a rather high long term unemployment rate and concerns about an underclass in 1950 sense of austerity was combind with a very low rate of unemployment
decreased public spending, increased personal tax cuts, increased privatization of public utilities and industry. Thatcher is recognized for reducing runaway inflation, public spending and the power of the British unions. However, her programmes, known as "Thatcherism," produced high unemployment (which nearly tripled in her first two terms), high interest rates and increased class differentiation, as well as growth of the underclass. Resignation Despite winning the general election in 1987, Thatcher resigned in November 1990 because of increasing opposition concerning her economic policies. She held a parliamentary seat as a representative of Finchely until 1992, when she did not stand for re-election. In 1992 she entered the House of Lords and was mad a Baroness Thatcher. Since her resignation, Thatcher has remained active in the politics of the United Kingdom, as well as the world. Thatcher had already been
businesspeople (white-collar; salary) and shop-owners (self-employed). 61. Working class(es)- agricultural, mine and factory workers (blue-collar; wages). 62. Lower classes- Lower class (occasionally described as working class) are those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security. The term "lower class" also refers to persons with low income. The working class is sometimes separated into those who are employed but lacking financial security, and an underclass—those who are long-term unemployed and/or homeless, especially those receiving welfare from the state. The latter is analogous to the Marxist term "lumpenproletariat".[25] Members of the working class are sometimes called blue-collar workers. 63. Social grades: A, B, C1, C2, D, E- A upper middle class higher managerial, administrative or professional B middle class intermediate managerial, administrative or professional
Communism failed because it produced too little at too high a cost. But capitalism has also failed because it produces too much, shares too little, also at too high a cost to our children and grandchildren. Communism failed as an ascetic morality. Capitalism failed because it destroys morality altogether. This is not the happy world that any number of feckless advertisers and politicians describe. We have built a world of sybaritic wealth for a few and Calcuttan poverty for a growing underclass. At its worst it is a world of crack on the streets, insensate violence, anomie, and the most desperate kind of poverty. The fact is that we live in a disintegrating culture. In the words of Ron Miller, editor of Holistic Review: "Our culture does not nourish that which is best or noblest in the human spirit. It does not cultivate vision, imagination, or aesthetic or spiritual sensitivity. It does not encourage gentleness, generosity, caring, or compassion
5. tootmise vähenemine 6. töötuse kasv 7. kaubanduse defitsiit jne Seiskuv maj-kasv+inflatsioon= stagflation 50 51 Proovitakse defitsiite kõrvaldada laenu võtttes (USA, kellel 150 billionit USDd aastas) Heaolu ebavõrdsus Lahendus: kasutada maksusüsteemi+lisatasud, tervishoidu, eluaset toetada. Probleemiks järjest suurenev ebavõrdsus, mis võib tekitada alalise underclass`I, kes on ebasoodsamas olukorras (haridus, tervishoid jne, eriti elukvaliteedi suhtes) Poliitika reageering Maj-liku arengu aeglus ja maj-lik ebavõrdsus tekitavad olukorra kasv versus heaolu. Klassikaline liberalism - soodustatakse eraalgatust, maksude vähendamine, tasakaalustatud eelarve) - sotsiaalsüsteem aitab vaid kõige hullemas olukorras - riigi vähendab toetusi Selline poliitika USAs Reaganil ja Suurbritannias Thatcheril. Sots heaolu:
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