a childhood reading, Walter Starkie's Raggle-Taggle (1933), hence the pre-voyage connotations attributed to this place as `romantic', `mysterious', etc. This positive stereotyping is reinforced by the phonological magic of the place name that to Murphy suggests `a one-word poem' (1992, p. xiii). To Hoffman, Eastern Europe (and Poland in particular) is part of her early biography, since it is here that she was born and spent her childhood. Her personal
and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture 51. Chauvinism- an attitude that the members of your own sex are always better than those of the opposite sex. Male chauvinism [=a belief that men are superior to women. The belief that your country, race, etc., is better than any other. 52. Racism- Racism is a product of the complex interaction in a given society of a race- based worldview with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems (e.g.,apartheid) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. The ideology underlying racist practices often includes the idea that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior. [1] Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life
might be some issues of ecological validity. The strength of the study was the variable control, which enabled the researchers to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between schemas and different memory processes. Lots of research has supported the schema theory and it has turned out to be quite useful in explaining interpretation, memory and other things. Schema theory has contributed to an understanding of memory distortions and social cognition. It is used to explain stereotyping and prejudice. Some of the limitations of the theory are that it is not entirely clear how schemas are acquired and how they influence cognition. It has been criticized that it is too vague to be useful, but many scientist still use it explain cognitive processing. Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. Atkinson and Shiffrin were among the first to suggest a basic structure of memory,
kellele on teise isiku poolt tekitatud kahju või vigastusi, kes tunnetab end kannatanuna, teatab sellest avalikult, ja järelikult tal on õigus abile riiklike, ühiskondlike või erateenistuste poolt. 12 9 . (2008). . [http://pravo.eup.ru/Documents/2003-10- 06/79B2.asp]. 3. Märts 2009 a. 10 . (2007). . [http://www.ormvd.ru/press/mag/256/260/7681]. 7. Märts 2009 a. 11 . . . (1975). . : , lk 8. 12 Viano E. (1996). Stereotyping and prejudice: crime victims and the criminal justice system . Scandinavian studies on crime and crime prevention. Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press, lk 182. 10 Taolist kuriteo ohvri mõtestamist põhjendatakse järgmiste argumentidega: "Asutused, korporatsioonid, äriettevõtted ja inimgrupid võivad samuti olla viktimiseeritud ja seaduslikult
obedience to authority. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 955-978. Blass, T. (2004). The man who shocked the world: The life and legacy of Stanley Mil- gram. New York: Basic Books. Bodenhausen, G. V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322. Bodenhausen, G. V., Macrae, C. N., ~ Sherman,J. W. (1999). On the dialectics of discrimi- nation: Dual processes in social stereotyping. In S. Chaiken ~ Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual- process theories in social psychology (pp. 271-290). New York: Guilford. Boen, F., Vanbeselaere, N., Pandelaere, M., Dewitte, S., Duriez, B., Snauwaert, B., Feys, J., Dierckx, V., ~ Van Avermaet, E. (2002). Politics and basking-in-reflected-glory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 205-214. Bollen, K A., ~ Phillips, D. P (1982). Imitative suicides: A national study of the effects of television news stories
kohta. e) Mustvalge mõtlemine (the black and white fallacy või bifurcation). Kontraarseid nähtusi käsitletakse vasturääkivatena: iga asi on kas must või valge, vahepealseid võimalusi pole. f) Kontekstist väljarebimine (quoting out of context). Vigane tuginemine asjaoludele, mis jäävad viite kontekstist välja, ehk konteksti meelevaldne laiendamine. g) Stereotüübistamine (stereotyping). Stereotüübistamise puhul tehakse otsustusi inimese kohta, lähtudes nende kuulumisest mingisse sotsiaalsesse gruppi või inimeste rühma. 4. Argumenteerimisvead (fallacies of argumentation) kuuluvad koos ülemäärase lihtsustamise vigadega arutluse protsessi vigade hulka, ent kui lihtsustamise vead seostuvad pigem üksikute arutlussammudega, siis argumenteerimisvead iseloomustavad arutlust või tõestust kui tervikut
of "In Living Color," are Tricksters who subvert the status quo and make us laugh at ourselves. Heroes of other genres must often put on the Trickster mask in order to outwit a Shadow or get around a Threshold Guardian. T h e archetypes are an infinitely flexible language of character. T h e y offer a way to understand what function a character is performing at a given moment in a story. Awareness of the archetypes can help to free writers from stereotyping, by giving their characters greater psychological verity and depth. T h e archetypes can be used to make characters who are both unique individuals and universal symbols o f the qualities that form a complete human being. T h e y can help make our characters and stories psychologically realistic and true to the ancient wisdom o f myths. 79 N o w that we've met the denizens of the story world, let's return to the Road
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