Between one and two million years ago one of these changes took place the great Ice Age began. It grew colder in the Far North. More snow fell in the winter than could melt away in the summer. The snow grew deeper and deeper. It changed to solid ice. As more snow fell, the ice grew thicker. It began to move. Great sheets of moving ice, or glaciers, were formed. The edges of the sheets were pushed outward. At last the ice covered most of what is now Canada. And it spread southward into what is now the United States. The ice was probably a mile deep in places. It moved over hills and valleys, rivers and forests. It moved slowly perhaps only a foot a day. Millions of plants were buried by the ice. Many animals moved south. Among the animals able to stand the cold near the edge of the ice were woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and caribou. For thousands of years the ice moved southward. But at last the summers grew
80% of the population live within 150km of the US border; 90% lives within 300km of the US border. Most First Nations live in reservations in the southern part of the country. If you look at the map of the world, you will notice what a huge country Canada is. It is the second largest country in the world, xceeded only by Russia. From St. John`s to Victoria Canada stretches about 7000km. In fact, Canada`s east coast is closer to Europe than it is to Canada`s west coast. It also extends southward from the North Pole to the US border. Canada`s northen coast is washed by Arctic Ocean, eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean and western coast by the Pacific Ocean. Canada is so big that it contains six time zones. This huge land mass has been divided by nature into 6 distinct geographical regions. Stretching across the north is the Artic region. On the east there is another geographical unit called the Applachian Region after the range
THE MILLENIUM FOOTBRIDGE What, where & when? • For pedestrians • located between Southward Bridge (downstream) and Black friars Railway Bridge (upstream) • Connects St.Paul’s Catherdal and Tate Modern • owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates • Construction of the bridge began in 1998 • opening on 10 June 2000. Closing, unexpected & not safety? • Londoners nicknamed Wobbly Bridge • crossed by 90,000 people, with up to 2,000 on the bridge at any one time. • a charity walk on behalf of Save the Children • Swaying motion
the Canadian side and the American Falls entirely on the American side, separated by Goat Island. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also located on the American side, separated from the other waterfalls by Luna Island. Geology · About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was located between present-day Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York, but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately 6.8 miles (10.9 km) southward. The Horseshoe Falls, which are approximately 2,600 feet (790 m) wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch, to a horseshoe bend, to the present day gigantic inverted V. Characteristics · The volume of water approaching the falls during peak flow season may sometimes be as much as 6,400 m3 per second. · The average annual flow rate is 2,400 m3 per second.
provide an important export for Ghana. Ghana's climate, like that of the rest of the Guinea Coast, is determined largely by the interplay of two air masses: a hot, dry continental air mass that forms over the Sahara and a warm, humid maritime tropical air mass that forms over the South Atlantic. Both air masses move toward the Equator with their hemispheric winds and meet at the Guinea Coast for several months each year. Continental air moves southward with the northeast trade winds, known in western Africa as the harmattan, and maritime tropical air moves northward with the southwest trades.
west coast is the climate as mild as in the western part of the United States. Towering mountains, crystal-clear lakes and green forests make Canada's far west a beautiful region. Fields of wheat and other grains cover Canada's vast prairies. Much of Canada is covered with forests. Western forests produce much timber. Much of Canada's soil is thin and rather poor. During the Ice Age almost all of Canada was covered with sheets of ice. These ice sheets moved southward. As they did so, the carried away much soil from Canada and pushed it down into the United States. Stretching west from the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay there are great prairies. West of the prairies there is a mountain Wonderland. The Canadian Rockies are higher than the Rockies in the United States. Industry Furs, farms, forests, and fisheries make up much of Canada's wealth. But the Country is also rich in minerals. Canada has copper, lead, silver, gold and other minerals. Thousands of
The Romans built temples, established a number of large farms, and introduced their civilization to the region. About AD 300 the hold by the Romans began to weaken, and no indigenous German tribes pushed into the area from the east. The Frisians, in the north, held their ground, but Saxons occupied the eastern part of the region, and the Franks moved into the west and south. (3) 2.3 The Middle Ages The Franks were the most powerful of the invaders. Their lands extended southward into what is now northern France and eastward across the Rhine. Eventually, the Frankish kings subjugated the Frisians and the Saxons and converted them to Christianity. By 800 the entire territory of the Netherlands was part of the realm of Charlemagne. After Charlemagne died, his empire disintegrated, and in 843 the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire into three parts. The Netherlands became part of Lotharingia (Lorraine) and still later, in 925, part of the Holy Roman Empire
Dairy cattle are bred mainly in the eastern part, beef cattle in the prairies. Poultry farms are near big cities. Vegetables and potatoes are grown all over the country. Fruits are grown mainly in Florida and California, citruses in California. Wheat is grown in the prairies. 7. Population The United States is an urbanized nation, with 80.6 percent of its population residing in cities and suburbs. The mean population centre of the US has consistently shifted westward and southward, with California and Texas currently the most populous states. According to Californians for Population Stabilization, U.S. population growth is now the highest among developed countries and exceeds that of China. Births, supplemented by immigration, help to offset the aging population. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2007 is 2.09, which is roughly the replacement level for industrialized countries. The total U.S. population
unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. Afonso then established the first of the Portuguese Cortes at Lamego, where he was crowned by the Archbishop of Braga, though the validity of the Cortes of Lamego has been disputed and called a myth created during the Portuguese Restoration War. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions. The reigns of Dinis I, Afonso IV, and Pedro I for the most part saw peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia, and thus the Portuguese kingdom advanced in prosperity and culture.
NB. В глаголах (а также в сущ. и прил.), оканчивающихся на -ate, ударение падает на третий слог от конца. Распространенной ошибкой является перенос ударения на последний слог. 21. -ward suff. (in adjectives) в указанном направлении a westward movement движение на запад a southward advance наступление на юг -wards (in adverbs) в указанном направлении to drive sb westwards прогонять кого-л. на запад We travelled northwards. Мы ехали на cевеp. 22. gradually [-dZu-] постепенно eventually [-t∫u-] со временем; в конце концов NB
Swedish king Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at Golovchin in July. In the Battle of Lesnaya, Charles suffered his first loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from Riga. Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow. Charles XII refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden and instead invaded Ukraine. Peter withdrew his army southward, employing scorched earth, destroying along the way anything that could assist the Swedes. Deprived of local supplies, the Swedish army was forced to halt its advance in the winter of 17081709. In the summer of 1709, they resumed their efforts to capture Ukraine, culminating in the Battle of Poltava on 27 June. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Swedish forces, ending Charles' campaign in Ukraine and forcing him south to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire
the landscape, the Common Sunflower is an important member of the prairie community. I. History: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the few crop species that originated in North America (most originated in the fertile crescent, Asia or South or Central America). It was probably a "camp follower" of several of the western native American tribes who domesticated the crop (possibly 1000 BC) and then carried it eastward and southward of North America. The first Europeans observed sunflower cultivated in many places from southern Canada to Mexico. Sunflower was probably first introduced to Europe through Spain, and spread through Europe as a curiosity until it reached Russia where it was readily adapted. Selection for high oil in Russia began in 1860 and was largely responsible for increasing oil content from 28% to almost 50%. The high-oil lines from Russia were reintroduced into the U.S.
not heard because they were being sent out by short-range, low-powered transmissions that died away before reaching American receivers. Such a blank condition had obtained in a similar tactical situation in February. American intelligence had drawn the same conclusions then and had been proven right. Events soon confirmed the July assessment as well. Twice, then, a complete blank of carrier communications combined with indications of a strong southward thrust had meant the presence of the carriers in Empire waters. But what happened in February and July was not necessarily what would happen in December. During the summer and fall of 1941, the pressure of events molded America's two cryptanalytic agencies closer and closer to the form they were to have on December 7. The Signal Intelligence Service, which had 181 officers, enlisted men, and civilians in Washington and 150 at
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