............................................................ 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.............................................................................................................................. 8 The national awakening................................................................................................... 8 The russification period.................................................................................................... 9 Emergence of parties and the 1905 revolution............................................................... 11 The post-revolutionary situation and World War I (19071917)...................................... 14 Our opinion............................................................................................................................ 18 References...........
Independence Day On 24 February, Independence Day is celebrated in the Rebublic of Estonia. This is the day that the Manifesto was declared in Tallinn 91 years ago. In responce to a period of Russification initiated by the Russian empire in the 1890's, Estonian nationalism took on more political tones, with intellectuals first calling for greater autonomy, and later, complete independence from the Russian empire. Following the Bolshevik takeover of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 and German victories against the Russian army, between the Russian Red Army's retreat and the arrival of advancing German troops, the
towers. During the Great Northern War the Swedish troops based in Tallinn capitulated to Imperial Russia in 1710, but the local self-government institutions retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as the Duchy of Estonia. The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialization of the city and the port kept its importance. During the last decades of the century Russification measures became stronger. February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with
Whoever’s flag is on top of this tower is the ruler of Estonia. (There have been German and Soviet flags). Today the estonian flag is hoisted every day at sunrise and lowered at the sunset, except at midsummer when it’s not lowered at all on the night of June 23. Nevsky Cathedral ● It’s the largest and grandest orthodox catherdral in Talinn. It was finished 1900, when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire. It was a time of russification. It’s architecturally absolutely different from everything else at Toompea, it’s also disliked by many Estonians as a symbol of oppression and the russian power, but it has never been actually taken down. The legend says it’s the very grave of Kalev, estonian’s national hero. Stenbock House ● It’s the official seat of Government and the Government office of Estonia since 2000. One of the most remarkable
lowered at sunset but not later than 10pm; except at midsummer June 23, when it’s not lowered at all. It’s commonly recognised that whoever’s flag flies on top of this tower is the ruler of Estonia. Toompea as a tourist attraction Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - largest and grandest orthodox cathedral crowning the hill of Toompea. It was finished in 1900, when the country was a part of the Russian empire. Time of russification, many estonians against it. Dedicated to the prince of novgorod, alexander nevsky who won the battle of ice. Due to the lack of funds and the building’s massive construction, it was never demolished. Kohtuotsa viewing platform - gives great view to the both parts of the city. blabla Estonian Knighthood House - The German nobles in Estonia were united in the Estonian Knighthood. The Estonian Knighthood House was the building where the Knights met and held
in the territorial waters of present-day Estonia. The late Russian patriarch, Alexis II, started his priestly ministry in the church. Interior of the Cathedral. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral crowns the hill of Toompea where the Estonian folk hero Kalevipoeg is said to have been buried according to a legend. (There are many such legendary burial places of him in Estonia.) The cathedral was built during the period of late 19th century Russification and was so disliked by many Estonians as a symbol of oppression that the Estonian authorities scheduled the cathedral for demolition in 1924, but the decision was never implemented due to lack of funds and the building's massive construction. As the USSR was officially non-religious, many churches including this cathedral were left to decline. The church has been meticulously restored since Estonia regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. http://en.wikipedia
was transferred to the Swedes by the Treaty of Altmark in1629. It ended the first Polish-Swedish war. German nobles--the Baltic barons--kept their sway over the Estonian peasantry until the eve of the 1917 Russian Revolution. Industrialization proceeded during the 19th century. The republic became heavily interlaced with railroads, and the port of Tallinn grew in importance. Russification took place and it caused rebellion and considerable emigration mostly to the United States and Canada. The Twentieth Century Estonian proclamation of independence in February 1918 was followed shortly by German occupation. After Germany surrendered to the Allies in November 1918, Estonia declared itself an independent democratic republic and repulsed the invading Red Army.
When Finnish speakers migrated to Finland in the first millennium B.C., the Sami were forced to move northward to the arctic regions, with which they are traditionally associated. The Finns' repeated raids on the Scandinavian coast impelled Eric IX, the Swedish king, to conquer the country in 1157. It was made a part of the Swedish kingdom and converted to Christianity. By 1809 the whole of Finland was conquered by Alexander I of Russia, who set up Finland as a grand duchy. The period of Russification (18091914) sapped Finnish political power and made Russian the country's official language. When Russia became engulfed by the March Revolution of 1917, Finland seized the opportunity to declare independence on Dec. 6, 1917. The USSR attacked Finland on Nov. 30, 1939, after Finland refused to give in to Soviet territorial demands. The Finns staged a strong defense for three months before being forced to cede the Soviets 16,000 sq mi (41,440 sq km). Under
forefront. Historical topics were often written in prose, for example, stories by Eduard Bornhöhe (1862-1923), Tasuja (Avenger), novels by Andres Saal (1861-1931), such as 1 Its subject matter included articles about Estonian and European music, musicians, folk music, composing, etc. Vambola. These were romantically inspired scenes from the heroic and desperate struggle against the German knightly orders in the 13th and 14th centuries. Under the harsh conditions of the Russification programme initiated in the 1880s such books stimulated the national spirit and willpower to resist all alien oppression. The poetess and playwright Lydia Koidula (1843-1886, daughter of Johann Voldemar Jannsen) played an exceptionally important role in the two decades before her death; her poetic talent emotionally and inspirationally expressed the national spirit, glorifying her homeland and its people. Koidula’s song, Mu Isamaa on Minu Arm (My
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