Konstatin Päts, who became President in 1938, the year parliamentary elections resumed. Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, after Stalin gained Hitler's agreement to divide Eastern Europe into ,,spheres of special interest" according to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact and its secret protocol. Subsequently, the country was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. Germans pillaged the country for the war effort and unleashed the Holocaust. Soviet forces reconquered Estonia in the autumn of 1944 after fierce battles in the northeast of the country on the Narva river and on the Tannenberg Line. Tens of thousands of people chose to eighter retreat together with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden, becoming war refugees and later, expatriates. The United States, United Kingdom and the majority of other western democracies considered the annexation of Estonia by USSR illegal. They
Countries, which later became the Netherlands, from the southern part, which later became Belgium. The Union of Utrecht became the nucleus of the present Dutch nation. In 1581 the Dutch provinces within the Union of Utrecht proclaimed their independence from Spain. Subsequently, the new nation suffered a series of reverses in the war with Spain, sustaining a major loss when William the Silent was assassinated in 1584. By 1585 the Spanish had reconquered practically all the south, including the important port of Antwerp. Eventually, however, the tide of war turned in favor of the Dutch. From 1585 to 1587 English troops were sent overseas to aid the insurgent cause, and in 1588 the English destroyed the great Spanish Armada, a victory that drastically curtailed the ability of Spain to wage war abroad. The seven provinces in the Union of Utrecht were cleared of Spanish troops by 1600. (3)
to Islam. The Arabs were principally noblemen coming from Yemen, though they were only few in numbers they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. The Muslim conquerors, few in number, stayed largely in the Algarve region, and in general south of the Tagus. RECONQUISTA During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination. In 868, the First County of Portugal was formed. A victory over the Muslims at Battle of Ourique in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León was transformed into the independent Kingdom of Portugal. Henry, to whom the newly formed county was awarded by Alfonso VI for his role in reconquering land from the Moors, based his
islands High Commission authority extended to several areas like Tonga, Phoenix, Gilbert Islands, the Carolines, The Salomons, Santa Cruz, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland and others- new colony of Southern Oceania The british presence in Egypt and Sudan Britain and France controlled the Suez canal and Egypt Britain became the sole occupier Sudan was controlled for 13 years by mahdi followers but was reconquered and jointly governed by Egypt and Britain until 1956 General Gordon and Khartoum 1885 British general, the hero of Crimean and Chiense wars In 1881 Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdi, a Muslim leader and founder of the Mahdiya brotherhood in Islam, proclaimed holy war to purify Islam and overran Sudan General Gordon went to Sudan to ecacute Egyptian force, was revolted and died martyr´s death The British Expansion in East Africa
Over- wintering in camps and the control of extensive areas of land became characteristic of Viking activity in England. English resistance was uncoordinated and often ineffective. 'England' was a region of several independent kingdoms - often at war with each other. Eventually, King Alfred was able to confront the Vikings at Edington. Alfred had to concede the northern and eastern counties to the Vikings, York became the capital of the Viking Kingdom of York. These areas were gradually reconquered and brought back under English control by Alfred's successors. *Feudalism and the manor system Manorialism, otherwise known as the Manorial System, is the political, economic, and social system by which peasants of medieval Europe were made dependent on their land and on their lord. The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the European Middle Ages
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