Betty Botter Betty Botter had some butter, "But," she said, "this butter's bitter. If I bake this bitter butter, it would make my batter bitter. But a bit of better butter that would make my batter better." So she bought a bit of butter, better than her bitter butter, and she baked it in her batter, and the batter was not bitter. So 'twas better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter. Sea Shells by the Sea Shore She sells sea shells by the seashore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells. A Flea and a Fly A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the flea, "Let us fly!" Said the fly, "Let us flee!" So they flew through a flaw in the flue. Woodchuck How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could c...
to be a norm and are spoken and written by the minority (educated people). This is the optimum for educational purposes. The standard varieties of English are: BrEng (British), EngEng (English), NAmEng (North-America), USEng (United States), CanEng (Canada), AusEng (Australia), NZEng (New Zealand). Standard English (British English) is the most widely accepted and understood among native speakers, learned by foreigners. It is used in broadcasting, TV, news etc. It doesn't concern pronounciation (accent), but grammar and vocabulary. It includes formal and informal styles. British Standard English grammar and vocabulary, together with the RP accent should be called English English. RP (Received Pronounciation) is an accent that originates from South-East of England. A social accent, associated only with England. 12-15% of native speakers in England use Standard English (BrEng). 3-5% of them use RP (EngEng). Non-standard varieties of English are often called dialects
the names of those parts (and they are not even lark but human parts). I remember one of our young teachers used to play guitar in class and sing for us. That was really cool. Unfortunately we moved and my French studies took a long break, until my one but final school, but there I met a teacher who was anything but good at French, and not only because she was actually a German philologist. She was just plain stupid and envious of my pronounciation. She said so herself. So how much do I know French? Just enough to sing a few songs, understand some simple written text and say a few sentences. Just enough to ask in correct French if the other party, please, speaks English. English comes as my third language, and actually I met with it first almost at the same time they began teaching us French. But it was awkward and I'm not sure they themselves knew what they were doing or why
of the other. Orientational metaphor- happy is up, sad is down. Metonymy- is a word that is not called by its own name but by the name it is assosiated with. Nt hollywood- we know it as a filmindustry but acutally it is a palce name. 15) polysemy and homosemy Polysemy- the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonymy- words have same spelling, same pronounciation, but different meaning. Nt fair- laat ja õiglane. 16) Paradigmatic relations 17) synonyms A word that shares the same denotatiove, with another word, different spelling, pronaunciation but the same meaning. Nt male masculine Absolute synonyms- absolute aspects of meaning Near-synonym- nearly similar meaning Cognitive-nt I´m firm, you are subbourn 18) antonyms Opposite meaning. Contrary antonyms- gradable. Long-short Complementary- ungradable. Dead-alive
child is Latin or native. If a word has many syllables and the stress falls on the last one, we have a foreign word (nt, picturesque, magazine, cigarette). Grammatical forms may be strange to English. We mean irregular plural forms of nouns (nt, datum data, bacterium- bacteria) 18. Assimilation. Types of assim. Degree of assim. We mean the changes that borrowings undergo(läbi elama) in English and how they adapt themselves its peculiarities. Types(?):phonetics that is changes in pronounciation. What was strange to English were replaced by other sounds (nt, phneumonia, psycology, ptolemy). Grammatical assimilation Usually borrowings lost their former grammatical features, yet some have kept their original plural inflexion (nt, thesis). All borrowings with complex structure appeared in English as simple words (nt, umbrella, portpholio). Lexical assimilation(what happens to meaning)- words with many meanings are
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