}UJHORRPXOLNLLYH G0DGDOWRRWOLNNXV H0DGDODGVLVVHWXOHNXGKHLQLPHVH NORKWD .VLPXV 3HUFDSLWDNRJXWRRGDQJLOPVHOWNDVYDENXLG 9DOPLV KHW||WDMDYlOMXQGYlKHQHENXL +LQQH 9DOLNV 0lUJLVWD NVLPXV D.DVYDYDGW||M}XKDULGXVOLNWDVHMD NXWVHDODQHHWWHYDOPLVWXV E2RWDPDWXOWLOPQHEW||M}X
GSLGHYDW||WXVHOLLJLDOOD HN}LNYDOHG .VLPXV ,QLPHQHNHVVRRYLEVDDGDW||G 9DOPLV +LQQH 9DOLNV 0lUJLVWD DNXXOXEW||JDK}LYDWXWHKXOND NVLPXV ENXXOXEW||WXWHKXOND FHLDUYHVWDWDW||M}XKXOND GDUYHVWDWDNVHNXLRVDOLVHOWK}LYDWX HDUYHVWDWDNVHNXLNDRWDQXORRWXVHW||G OHLGD .VLPXV $OOSRROWRRGXGP}LVWHWHVWHLNXXOXlULWVNOL 9DOPLV IDDVLGHKXOND +LQQH 9DOLNV 0lUJLVWD NVLPXV DLQIODWVLRRQ EUHWVHVVLRRQ FODQJXV GW}XV
H.XPEDJLHLWDVDNDDOXNRJXVWHJD LQWUHVVLWDVDNDDOXPllUDHQQXVWDGDHL VDD .VLPXV 5DKDQ}XGOXVDNWLYDWHSRROHSHDOWRQVHRWXG 9DOPLV VHOOHJDHWUDKDRQ +LQQH 9DOLNV 0lUJLVWD NVLPXV DULQJOXVYDKHQG EDUYHVWXVYDKHQG FNXLYllUWXVHVlLOLWDPLVHYDKHQG GN}LNHHOQHYDG}LJHG HPXXGHOS}KMXVWHO $UYHVWXVWHVW5DKD .VLPXV .XLNHVNSDQNPEVXXUWNRJXVWULLJL 9DOPLV YllUWSDEHUHLGHODQLNNRQQDOHVLLVVHHDELQ}X +LQQH YLLE 0lUJLVWD NVLPXV 9DOLNV
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7|| HHVPlUN 0llUDWD MXKWLPLVREMHNWLOH UHJXODDWRU QLQJ KllOHVWDGD VHH QLL HW VVWHHPL VLLUGHSURWVHVV YDVWDNV HVLWDWXG NYDOLWHHGL Q}XHWHOH 7HRRULD 6VWHHP RQ PDWHPDDWLOLVHOW HKN IRUPDDOVHOW VWDELLOQH NXL VLLUGHSURWVHVV VXPEXE O}SOLNX DMDYDKHPLNX MRRNVXO 6HOOHVW DJD HL MlUHOGX HW LJD VWDELLOQH VVWHHP RQ VRELY SUDNWLOLVHNV NDVXWDPLVHNV 3UDNWLOLVHOW PLWWHVRELYDG RQ QW VVWHHPLG NXV WDVDNDDOXROHNX WDDVWDPLVH NHVWXV RQ VXXUHP OXEDWDYDVW Y}L RQ VLLUGHSURWVHVVL Y}QNXPLVWH DPSOLWXXG OLLJD VXXU hOGMXKXO RQ DXWRPDDWMXKWLPLVVWUXNWXXU NDVXWXVN}OEOLN NXL WHPD VLLUGHSURWVHVV RQ Q}XWDYD NYDOLWHHGLJD 6LLUGHSURWVHVVL NYDOLWHHGL LVHORRPXVWDPLVHNV NDVXWDWDNVH MlUJPLVL S}KLQlLWDMDLG
0DDQWHH NXQL HLSLLUDWD 0DKDV}LW HLSLLUDWD 7UXXS WXOHE SURMHNWHHULGD U}KXWD Y}L RVDOLVH U}KX DOO W||WDYDQD VLVVH MD YlOMDYRROX RWVDNXWHJDQLQJNLQGOXVWDWXQDROHQHYDOWYRROXUHåLLPLVW 7UXXELYlKLPSLNLNDOOHY}LEROOD 7lLWHSLQQDVHMDNDWHQGLSDNVXVWUXXELOOLGHSHDOSHDEROHPDYlKHPDOW P .HUJOLLNOXVWHH VLOOD WUHSL NDOOH SHDE ROHPD YlLNVHP NXL DVWPH VXXULP N}UJXV FP MD ODLXV FP KHO WUHSLPDUVLO VXXULP PDGH SLNNXVHJD P NDOOH YHH lUDMXKWLPLVHNV .HUJOLLNOXVWHH NXOJHPLVH VXXQDV HL WRKL WUHSS ROOD DLQXV Y}LPDOXV SllVHPLVHNV NHUJOLLNOXVWHHVLOODOHY}LWXQQHOLVVH.HUJOLLNOXVWHHVLOODMXXUGHUDMDWXGSDQGXVWHVXXULPNDOOHRQ SURMHNWHHULPLVH OlKWHWDVHPHO + ± WDVHPHO 5 ± MD WDVHPHO ( ± QLQJ SLNNXV P 3DQGXV NRRV WUHSLJD SHDE ROHPD YlKHPDOW P ODL VHDOKXOJDV WUHSS ± P
EWDUELPLVNXOXWXVHGNDVYDYDGVllVWXG YlKHQHYDG FWDUELPLVNXOXWXVHGNDKDQHYDGVllVWXG NDVYDYDG GNDKDQHYDGQLLWDUELPLVNXOXWXVHGNXLND VllVWXG H.}LNYDOHG .VLPXV 6HRVSLLUWDUELPLVMDSLLUVllVWPLVNDOGXYXVWH 9DOPLV YDKHOYlOMHQGXEVHOOHVHW +LQQH 9DOLNV
9DOPLV VLLV +LQQH .XYDNRUUDJDNVDNHQ 9DOLNV 0lUJLVWD /}SHWDOHYDDWXV NVLPXV DUHDDOQH6.3HLPXXWXQXG EUHDDOQH6.3VXXUHQHVNXLGYlKHVHPDO PllUDONXLKLQQDG FUHDDOQH6.3YlKHQHV GDQWXGLQIRHLY}LPDOGDPllUDWDUHDDOVHW 6.3GQDDPLNDW HN}LNYDVWXVHGYDOHG .VLPXV .RUGXYDUYHVWXV6.3MD533PllUDPLVHO
-- 0.52 = 11.0111100 ( mpk ) ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² G /HLGD MlUJXOLVH QGDUYX YllUWXVWH GLDSDVRRQ NXL QHJDW DUYH HVLWDWDNVH -- 0.13 + ( + 0.52 ) = 0.0110010 = 0.31 = 0.39 Ï WlLHQGNRRGLV " -- 0.52 + ( + 0.13 ) = 11.1001110 -- 00
— 0.52 = 11.0111100 ( mpk ) ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² G /HLGD MlUJXOLVH QGDUYX YllUWXVWH GLDSDVRRQ NXL QHJDW DUYH HVLWDWDNVH — 0.13 + ( + 0.52 ) = 0.0110010 = 0.31 = 0.39 Ï WlLHQGNRRGLV " — 0.52 + ( + 0
NRQWUROOLYLLVLG YDEDWDKWOLNXG 0DHGLYLVQD SURJUDPPL DOXVHNV RQ YHUHSURRYLGH Y}WPLQH MD WHVWLPLQH QLQJ YLLUXVHNDQGMDWH ORRPDGH QLQJ QHQGH MlUJODVWH NDUMDVW YlOMDYLLPLQH 5HJLVWULW NDUMDGH PDHGLYLVQD VWDDWXVH RVDV SHDE (HVWL /DPEDNDVYDWDMDWH 6HOWV 7lQX (HVWL 9HWHULQDDU MD 7RLGXDPHWL /RRPDWHUYLVKRLX RVDNRQQD VHLVXNRKDOH WRHWDWDNVH (HVWLV ULLJLSRROVHOW VHLUHDODVHLG YHUHSURRYLGH XXULPLVL ODPPDVWH M}XGOXVNRQWUROOL DOO ROHYDWH NDUMDGH N}LJL S}KLNDUMD ODPPDVWH RVDV MXKXO NXL W}UMHSURJUDPPLJD KLQHWDNVH 7}UMHSURJUDPPLJD KLQHPLVH NRUUDO RQ WDOXQLN NRKXVWDWXG RPD NDUMDVW SUDDNLPD PDHGLYLVQD VHURSRVLWLLYVHG ORRPDG MD QHQGH MlUJODVHG KLOMHPDOW NXX MRRNVXO YHUHSURRYLGH YDVWXVWH VDDPLVHVW $OWHUQDWLLYQH Y}LPDOXV RQ VHURSRVLWLLYVHWHORRPDGHMDQHQGHMlUJODVWHHUDOGDPLQHWHLVHODXWDMDQHQGHKLOLVHPHUDOGLSLGDPLQHPDHGLYLVQD VHURQHJDWLLYVHWHVW ORRPDGHVW 6HHSlUDVW VRRYLE (HVWL /DPEDNDVYDWDMDWH 6HOWV WHDYHW WDOXQLNH NRKWD NHV VHOOH SURJUDPPLJD YDEDWDKWOLNXOW KLQHYDG
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