partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English · The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Dialects · The Estonian dialects[15][16] are divided into two groups the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian. · The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the
The classic example is English marriage of convenience based on French mariage de convenance. There are various other kinds of foreign influences on vocabulary. A loanshift is a change in the meaning or use of a word in one language based on the meaning or use of a similar- sounding word in another language. Also, languages that borrow heavily from a single foreign language are likely to create their own words that look like loanwords but are in fact not part of the source language (e.g. double-entendre appears French to English speakers but does not exist in French; a number of Western European languages use the apparently English word beamer to refer to a computer data projector, and speakers of those languages are astonished when visiting native speakers of English don't know the word). Finally, doublets are pairs of different words in a given language that can both be traced back
Avon, Devon, Dover, London are originally Celtic names. Latin words the Celts borrowed from Rome, which were in turn borrowed by the Anglo-Saxon invaders--including words like candle and ass. 1066 the Battle of Hastings-During the next century approximately 200 000 Normans settled in Britain. (Norman) French was prestigious. Ample borrowing. Otto Jespersen: "The Norman invasion broke the proud Teutonic backbone of the English language" From now on, English open to loanwords Flower, forest, valley, river*, face-norman french loans Peculiarities of Old English pronunciation and spelling /f/ and /v/ were allophones, i.e. there was no phonemic difference between them: no minimal pairs where /f/ and /v/ would make a difference in meaning. The letter f used for both. In a voiced environment the pronunciation voiced, ie /v/, in a voiceless environment unvoiced, ie /f/. At the beginning of words: debatable. By constrast, vowel length was phonemic:
Paljud keelemehed on tegelnud vene laenude uurimisega. Nende seas on Paul Ariste, Julius Mägiste, Andrus Saareste, Valentin Kiparsky ning teised, kes on kirjutanud laenudest. 1981. aastal sai valmis Anita Seppet väitekiri, kus ta on analüüsinud vene laensõnu eesti kirjakeeles enne ja pärast 1940. aastat. Samuti ka Rogier Blokland, kes on teinud suure pannuse vene laenude uurimisesse oma tööga ,, Vene laenud eesti kirjakeeles" või ,,Russian loanwords in literary Estonian". Niisiis, esimene laentüvede rühm tekkis eesti keelde 3000- 1000 e.Kt, neid nimetatakse euroopa ja indoiraani laenudeks. Need laenud olid võetud omaks soome-ugri, soome-permi ja soome-volga algkeelde lõuna pool elanud indoeuooplastelt. Neid laene eesti keeles ei ole palju: 23-43, s.o 0,42-0,78% tüvede koguarvust. Nende hulka kuuluvad: arva-, iva, mesi, ora, osa, puhas, põrsas, sada, sarv, varss, vasar, viha jt. Need üpris
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