kahjustada tunnistaja mälestust sündmusest võimalikult vähe ning säilitada kogu uurimise maksimaalne täpsus ning ausus. Kolm intervjueerimistehnikat, mida artiklis võrreldakse, on kognitiivne intervjuu (the Cognitive Interview (Geiselman and Fisher, 1997) , struktureeritud intervjuu (the Structured Interview (Yuille et al., 1993; Yuille and Cutshall, 1989; Farr and Yuille, 1988)) ning järelduslik intervjuu ( the Inferential Interview). Struktureeritud intervjuu põhilisteks eesmärkideks on saada tunnistajalt maksimaalne informatsioonihulk sealjuures mälestust kahjustamata. Seda tüüpi intervjuud alustatakse võimalikult üldiste, neutraalsete küsimustega, et tunnistajat mitte intervjueeritava poolt mingis suunas mõjutada. Mida enam intervjuu progresseerub, seda spetsiifilisemaks lähevad küsimused. Sellise tehnika puhul jäetakse tunnistajale vabadus ise enda narratiiv kujundada
argument. Birds are animals Dogs are animals Therefore, dogs are birds. This is a bad argument, because the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Logic is the science of correct reasoning. Logic helps us in constructing and evaluating arguments. How to recognize an argument? Generally a passage contains an argument if it attemps to prove something. It requires evidence presented (premise(s)) and a claim that is said to follow from the alleged evidence (conclusion). This inferential relationship might be explicit or implicit. The relationship between the premises and the conclusion might be explicitly expressed thanks to words that serve as indicators to distinguish the premises from the conclusion. Conclusion indicators Swans are birds and birds have wings. Therefore, swans must have wings. The word “Therefore” indicates the conclusion which are claimed to follow from the premises. Other conclusion indicators include: - consequently - thus - so
find one tiny crack in the Holocaust structure, it can all be disproved. But the holocaust is not a single event that a single fact can prove or disprove. The holocaust was a collection of events that took place in several locations. The evidence is built up on several pieces of data that agree on one conclusion. THE DENIAL OF THE HOLOCAUST There are written documents, eyewitness testimonies, photographs, the camps themselves and inferential evidence that all prove the happenings of the Holocaust to be true. The deniers pick out what suits their theory and ignore the rest. Instead of modifying a theory based on new evidence they are engaged in pseudohistory; the rewriting of the past for personal or political purposes. WHAT IS DENIED AND BY WHOM? The gas chambers: Pat Buchanan, the most effective Holocaust denier in America has stated that the gas chambers were not used at the camps to
muutujad; muutujad, mille uurija ise on välja valinud ja mille väärtusi on tal võimalik määrata. Sõltuv muutuja on muutuja, mille väärtust uurija mõõdab. Kirjeldav statistika – informatsioonikogumi põhiomaduste kvantitatiivne kirjeldamine. Varustab meid muutuja erinevate seisundite arvulise kirjeldusega (mõnikord ka visualisatsiooniga) ning aitab välja selgitada erinevusi nende seisundite vahel. Selgitav statistika (inferential statistics) – andmete kasutamine kokkuvõtte tegemiseks/olukorra hindamine olemasoleva andmete põhjal. Populatsioon – üldkogum on uurimisülesande sisuga piiritletud kõigi uurimisobjektide kogum. Nullhüpotees – hüpoteesi osa, mille kohaselt püstitatud oletus ei kehti Operatsionaliseerimine – hüpoteeside viimine sellisele kujule, et neid on võimalik mõne katsega kontrollida. Iga teoreetilise mõistega tuleb vastavusse seada mingi konkreetne
o Milline on selle muutuja tüüpiline väärtus? o Kui hästi iseloomustab see tüüpiline väärtus kõiki mõõdetud juhtumeid? Ehk kui palju on varieeruvust selle tüüpilise väärtuse “ümber”? Statistika jagunemine: Kirjeldav statistika (descriptive stat.) meetodid andmetest kokkuvõtete tegemiseks ning kirjeldamiseks. („65-70% USA elanikest on ülekaalulised või rasvunud.“) Järeldav statistika (inferential stat.) kasutab andmeid baasina hinnangute andmiseks ja prognooside tegemiseks. („Ülekaalulisus on II tüübi diabeedi riskifaktorite hulgas.“) Kirjeldav statistika tegeleb valimi resümeerimisega, järeldava statistika ülesanne on üldistuste tegemine üldkogumi kohta. Üldkogum (populatsioon) on teatud nähtuste (objektide, isikute) hulk, mida soovitakse objektiivsete meetoditega tundma õppida (näiteks üliõpilased Eestis)
as a social act. He spoke too of "language-entry rules," and "language-exit rules," these being respectively rules governing what one is supposed to say in response to certain sorts of nonlinguistic events (such as observations) and what one is supposed to do in response to certain linguistic utterances, but most importantly of "languagelanguage rules," which govern what one is supposed to say as the product of inference from something else that has previously been said. Let us call this the Inferential Theory of Meaning. It is hard to see how a theory that took "Hello" or "Slab" as its para- digms could succeed in explaining the more refined of the meaning facts. Meaningfulness, synonymy, and ambiguity are not a problem; but what of entailment between complex sentences? The Inferential Theory's appeal to inferring helps, for what might seem to be the static abstract relation of "entailment" between two sentences can be reconstrued as a rule-governed
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