This rewriting of history occurred again during the Soviet period, when de facto control of Estonia was in Russia's hands. When Estonia became an independent nation in 1918 (1920 from the perspective of some people, such as Russians), and again in 1990 (1993 from the perspective of some people, such as Russians), Estonians had the opportunity to tell the story from their own perspective. Words such as "pärisorjus" (lit. true slavery) have entered Estonian historiography to describe the subjected state in which Estonians existed prior to the Revolution. Germans and Russians (at least in particular time periods) on the other hand would have chosen terms such as "serfdom," "a fair economic system which benefits the strong and yet provides means of living for those are not as capable." Perhaps serfdom truly was slavery, but what is the difference between the terms "serfdom" and "pärisorjus"? How should we
even more so, imperative to retain the Soviet Union seeing that the consequences of its disintegration extending into the present day are disastrous. They are trying to convince the audience of the correctness of their action from the perspective of avoiding the catastrophe. It is useless to look for competent and honest answers to all questions in the memoirs of leading Russian politicians. Rather, one has to put up with the plurality of truths, as is common in historiography. The leading figures of the period of perestroika keep justifying their own actions and accusing their one-time antagonists and opponents, thus fighting for their place in history. Settling of old accounts, public enmity and hatred, deliberate lies and provocations, slander and fabrications and extreme irrationalism are by far not exceptional. Severe accusations of crime, genocide, conspiracy, treason, etc. are being hurled at one another. The various
Poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon: Bella Akhmadulina, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, and Yevgeny Yevtushenko, read their poems in stadiums and attracted huge crowds. Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like short story writer Varlam Shalamov and Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps, or Vasily Grossman, with his description of World War II events countering the Soviet official historiography. They were dubbed "dissidents" and could not publish their major works until the 1960s. But the thaw did not last long. In the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were not only banned from publishing but were also prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments, or parasitism. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. Others, such as Nobel Prizewinning poet Joseph Brodsky; novelists Vasily Aksyonov, Eduard Limonov, Sasha Sokolov and
et ajaloolane ütleb, kust on pärit tema teadmised. 3.2 Kvalitatiivse erinevuse eeldus Loone jagab laiali lehed, millel on ingliskeelsete ajalootekstide näited. Kõigil neist võrreldakse midagi11 . Loone arutleb jagatud näidete teemadel, lubab 9 Loone toob näiteks Larry Durrelli ühe romaani, kus ilmselt ei ole tegemist narratiiviga. 10 Loone toob taas oma kaljuga pähe saamise näite. 11 Näited on ilmselt pärit ajakirjast Developments in Modern Historiography 93 pp 166-167 38 PEATÜKK 3. SELETUS lehed loengu lõpus tagasi korjata. . . Ajad muutuvad, kultuurid muutuvad. Keskajal oleks olnud täiesti võimalik see, et Robert Lepikson kuulutab Jü- ri Mõisale sõja, samal ajal Eesti sõjas ei peaks olema. Tänapäeval ei saaks Viljandi kuulutada Venemaale sõda. . . see ei oleks võimalik. Seega peab ajaloolane alati silmas pidama kultuurilisi või ajalisi iseärasusi. Ajaloolased
century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1840. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant. In the U.S, romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) and Rip Van Winkle (1819), followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of
polyalphabetic substitution. It is clear that a key that changes with each message provides more security than one that is used over and over for several messages. The ultimate, of course, is a key that changes with each message. Several men devised an exceedingly clever way to ensure this change: use the message itself as its own key. This is called an "autokey." The comedy of errors and neglect that constitutes so much of the historiography of cryptology reached a climax of irony when it came to the inventor of the first really acceptable autokey system. It ignored this important contribution and instead named a regressive and elementary cipher for him though he had nothing to do with it. And so strong is the grip of tradition that, despite modern scholarship, the name of Blaise de Vigenere remains firmly attached to what has become the archetypal system of polyalphabetic substitution and probably the most famous cipher
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