respiration Pulmonary diffusion Internal CO2 and O2 transport respiration via blood Tissue gaseous exchange Transport of O2 in Blood Blood carried in 2 ways: 1. Dissolved in the blood plasma (less than 2%) · Assuming a total plasma V of 3-5 L, only ~ 9-15 ml O2 can be carried in a dissolved state. · Resting tissues require > 250ml O2 per min. 2. In combination with haemoglobin within the RBC (greater than 98%) · Haemoglobin within each of the 4-6 billion RBC allows blood to transport ~ 70 times more O2 Haemoglobin saturation 1 molecules haemoglobin = 4 molecules of O2 O2 + haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin Haemoglobin oxygen = deoxyhaemoglobin Binding of O2 to Hb depends on PO2 in blood and the bonding strength (affinity) between Hb and O2. O2-hb disassociation curve Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation curve
· Lactic acid lactate diffuses into blood for buffering and rapid removal. Lactic Acid as an Energy Source · Lactic acid allows high rates of ATP production for short duration (2-3 minutes). · As exercise intensity slows or during recovery sufficient O2 available again NAD scavenges H+ from lactate and takes it to the ETC lactate reconverts to pyruvate to join oxidative system. Cont... · Lactate helps the dissociation of O 2 from haemoglobin · At higher intensities of exercise lactate production outstrips the cell's removal capacity, thus accumulation occurs. Cont... · Endurance trained: lower blood lactate concentrations than untrained individuals at both the same relative and absolute intensity. Due to either a delay in the onset of lactate production or facilitate a more rapid rate of removal from the cell Lactate as a Fuel · Cori cycle = lactate liver converted
Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Most proteins are fold into unique 3- dimensional structures such as primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure. The best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyze chemical reactions. Your body uses the protein you eat to make lots of specialized protein molecules that have specific jobs. For instance, your body uses protein to make haemoglobin, the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen to every part of your body. Other proteins are used to build cardiac muscle. Proteins have very important functions in our body. 17 Kasutatud materjal Grandberg, Igor. 1979. Orgaaniline Keemia. Tallinn: Kirastus Valgus Männik, A. 1985. Biokeemia. Tallinn: Kirjastus Valgus Sarapuu, Tago. 2003. Bioloogia Gümnaasiumile. Tartu Zilmer, M, Karelson, E, Vihalemm, T. 1993. Üldine Biokeemia (I)
(b) 0.25/25%/1 in 4; 1 [6] 38. ref to, leaching/runoff, into waterways; causing algal blooms; blocking of light for aquatic plants; ref to, decomposition/high numbers of decomposers; leading to high BOD; reference to ‘blue-baby’ syndrome; links to haemoglobin; max 4 [4] 39. 1 ref to setting grid/area to be sampled; 2 suitable systematic method chosen/ref to belt/line transect; 3 ref to repetition of line transects; 4 use of quadrats; 5 use of appropriate sized quadrat; 6 details of regular quadrat placing; 7 identify species/use of keys;
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