· New languages · Herding introduced,later also agriculture Stages Old English (450-1100 AD) Middle English (1100-1500 AD) Early Modern English (1500-1800 AD) Late Modern English (1800- present day) Influences Latin monks and scholars from 7th century Old Norse Viking raids of late 8th century French After Norman conquest in 1066 Mongrel nation ? Old english One of the first written vernacular languages from the Indo- European language groups; From today's languages most similar to Frisian; Most famous written works: Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. Beowulf Written around ca 700-1000 AD in West Saxon Story about a mighty warrior Beowulf who saves the Danish kingdom of king Hrothgar by killing two mythical monsters. Beowulf then lives on to become a legendary king of the Geats. Beowulf dies when he has to face a third monster a dragon, in order to save his kingdom. The motifs of a character such as Beowulf: courage, loyalty, honour, but also pride,
The country continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-02, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the EU average. (3) 1.4 Population The great majority of inhabitants of the Netherlands are Dutch. They are mainly descended from Franks, Frisians, and Saxons. Most residents of Friesland Province are Frisian, a distinct cultural group with its own language. Fearing overpopulation, the government encouraged Dutch emigration after World War II (1939-1945), and some 500,000 people left. But an even larger number of people entered the Netherlands--Europeans and Asians from the former Netherlands Indies dependency (now part of Indonesia); industrial workers from Turkey, Morocco, and other Mediterranean countries; and, more recently, residents of Suriname, also a
electronic information is stored in English. The biggest countries where English is spoken as the first language are: Great Britain, Canada, United States of America and Australia. Estonian on in comparison to English is a language that is spoken only by approximately 1 million people. On the other hand English in comparison to Estonian is a very young language. According to Wikipeia online dictionary, English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to south-eastern Great Britain in the 5th century AD by Germanic settlers from various parts of northwest Germany (Saxons, Angles). Estonian in comparison is a language that has been spoken in the area of present day Estonia for more than 4000 years, Meri (1976). 4 First links Although written evidence of regular links between Estonia and England date back
In Studies in second language acquisition 26, 514539. Gooskens, C. 2006. Linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors of inter-Scandinavian intelligibility. Linguis- tics in the Netherlands, 101-113. Gooskens, C. 2007. The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages. In Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28 (6), 445-467. Gooskens, C. & W. Heeringa 2004. The position of Frisian in the Germanic language area. In D. Gilbers, M. Schreuder & N. Knevel (eds.), On the boundaries of phonology and phonetics. To honour Dr. Tjeerd de Graaf. Groningen: University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, Klankleergroep, 61-87. Haugen, E. 1966. Language conflict and language planning: the case of modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hendriks, B. & M. van Mulken 2012. Comparing effectiveness of ELF, L1-L2 interaction and receptive
Germanic languages → Belong to the Indo-European language family. Germanic languages divide into West Germanic and North Germanic languages. There used to be East Germanic languages also but they are now extinct. North Germanic languages → Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Faroese. West Germanic languages → English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Afrikaans and Flemish. 2. How to classify words into different word classes? 1) One of the most common classification ways goes by the definition of words. Most of the linguists believe though, that this is not an absolute classification. Examples of definitions: Noun is the name of a person, place or a thing. (I love this place). A verb expresses an action, process or a state. (I love this place).
determined by the syntactic rules of the language. The syntactic rules in a grammar must account for the grammaticality of sentences, word order, structural ambiguity, the meaning relations between words in a sentence, the similarity of meaning of sentences with different structures, the speaker's creative ability to produce and understand any of an infinite set of possible sentences. Notes: Proto-Germanic » Northwest Germanic » West Germanic » North Sea Germanic » Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state.
827'W EllJo t Lake, Canada 74 46' 23'N 82'39W Frla. C , cape 91 18' 00'5 12' OO'E Guadalupe I, Island 77 29' OO'N 118'00'W Ibadan, N'gefla 90 7' 24N 3'S3'E ' S6'W s..g.1 .......... 90 14°42'N lr27W Ellsworth Land, region 76'00'5 90'OOW FriSian Is,. islands 85 54'OON 6'OO'E Guadalupe Peak. peak . 54 32' OON 104' OOW Ibague, Colombia 78 4°24'N 7S01SW ' 32'W '5 JX . ........ 50 32'4/'N 96°48W Ellsworth Mts., mountains 15 80' 00'5 8S' OOW FrODlsher Bay, bay 75 64'OO'N 66'OOW Guadeloupe,
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