01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFortisConsonant.htm, accessed January 19, 2016. Wells, John. 2011. John Wells' s Phonetic Blog. Available at http://phonetic- blog.blogspot.com.ee/2011/06/fortis-and-lenis.html, accessed January 19, 2016. Nesselhauf, Nadja. Introduction to English Phonology and Phonetics. Available at http://www.as.uni-heidelberg.de/personen/Nesselhauf/files/downloads/Phonetics%20Nesselhauf %20Part%20II.pdf, accessed January 19, 2016. FRICATIVES Fricatives are consonants that are formed by impeding the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus so that a friction-sound is produced. Because of the way the flow of breath is heard in producing fricatives, fricatives are also called spirants. Fricatives may be voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the fricative) or voiceless (vocal cords not vibrating during the articulation of the fricative).
Bilabial – the stop is made by two contracting lips Alveolar- the stop is made by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge Velar – the stop is made with the velum aka soft palate Fortis – aspirated consonants Lenis – not aspirated Plosives of English: Bilabial Alveolar Velar Fortis p t k Lenis b d g Fricatives are produced by narrowing the distance between 2 articulators to produce a turbulent airflow. Continuant consonants can be produced until all the air is out of the lungs – s, m, n etc. Fricatives on English: Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Glottal alveolar Fortis f s Lenis v z
words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW) Grimm's Law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jakob Grimm describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo- European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration). Grimm's law consists of three parts which form consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift. [1] The phases are usually constructed as follows: - Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops change into voiceless fricatives. - Proto-Indo-European voiced stops become voiceless stops. - Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops become voiced stops or fricatives (as allophones)
tract completely, the air cannot escape through the mouth. When the articulators come apart, the airstream will be released in a small burst of sound. Aspiration a period of voicelessness after the release of an articulation, e.g. pie [paý] NB! K, p, t are unvoiced/aspirated consonants and g, b, d are unaspirated/voiced consonants. These unvoiced stops are completely unaspirated (spy, sty, sky), because stop is immediately following word-initial s. Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals. Fricatives - narrowing the distance between two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow is produced (i.e. friction). Fricatives may be voiced or voiceless. Consonants can be classified by: place of articulation( bilabial /p/; /b/; /m/ ; labiodental /f/; /v/; alveolar /t/; /d/; /n/; velar /k/; /g/ manner of articulation refers to variation in the way the airstream is affected (blocked vs
· l-vocalization, milk miwk · glottalling, using a glottal stop · happY-tensing; happy, coffee, valley · yod coalescence; Tuesday, tune, attitude, duke, reduce · diphthong shift, FACE, PRICE and GOAT vowels (wotshor nime?) (Wells 1997) perhaps to a phonemic split (wholly holy) (Wells 1994) The features that Wells excludes from EE's phonetic make-up that are typical of Cockney are: · h-dropping, so that Cockney hand on heart becomes ('and on 'eart). · th-fronting, using labiodental fricatives instead of dental fricatives This turns I think into /a fink/ and mother into /move/ (Wells 1997) However, Coggle (1993) claims that TH fronting in word-medial and word-final positions is becoming widespread at the Cockney end of the EE spectrum. 4. Difficulties in defining phonological boundaries between Received Pronunciation, Estuary English and Cockney Rosewarne (1984 onwards) places Estuary English speakers on an accent continuum
Vocabulary: · Cheerio just now! goodbye for now! · To go to the messages- to go shopping · How are you keeping?- How are you ? · That's me away- I'm going now · Aye yes · Folk- people · Pinkie- little finger · Loch- lake · Wee- small · Syne goal 8) Irish English (peculiarities of pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary) Pronounciation: · A rhotic language · Wide range of vowels preceding ,,r" · Dental stops [d] and [t] are used to replace fricatives [th] (think- tink) · [t] between vocals is pronounced [d] (water-wader) · Words with ,,ea" pronounced [i:] also merge and retain the historical [e:]; in informal speech [ei] (tea- tei) · A little contrast between [ä] and [a:] · ,,many" and ,,any" are pronounced with [ä] · ,,price" and ,,choice" are pronounced the same · ,,i" and ,,schwa" have merged · Epenthesis (sound, which is not there really, is inserted to the word) · In the north [e] and [ä] have no distinction Grammar:
annaabi.ee 
