distinction between singular and plural 5. The English verbal system: basic verb types and their characteristics (main/lexical verbs and helping verbs (primary and modal auxiliaries)); verb forms in finite and non-finite verb phrases (examples!); modals and primary auxiliaries (be, do have): their differences (contribution to the VP, finite and non-finite forms) and similarities (the NICE properties); meanings of the modal verbs: epistemic modality, deontic modality, dynamic modality (examples!); types of main verbs: intransitive verbs(has no object), transitive (monotransitive -A monotransitive verb is a verb that takes two arguments: a subject and a single direct object. For example, the verbs buy, bite, break, and eat are monotransitive in English., ditransitive- a ditransitive verb is a verb which takes a subject and two objects which refer to a recipient and a theme. E.g
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express modality. May, might, could, can, will etc. Modality is a semantic category which allows the speaker to express how committed they are to the truth they are saying. 1) Epistemic modality → How committed we are to the truth of a statement; our attitude to the truth of what we’re saying. For example: He must have arrived. He may have arrived. 2) Deontic modality → How we think things
o Brontosaurus, chrysanthemum, diplodocus, hippopotamus, Pliohippus Endings dropped or adapted o Agnostic, agnosticism, alphabet, alphabetic, analyst, analytic, anthocyanin, astrobleme, atheism, automatic, biologist, biology, blasphemy, charismatic, chemotherapy, chronobiology, cinematography, critic, criticism, dinosaur, dogmatic, dogmatism, dramatic, dramatist, electric, electronic, enigmatic, epistemic, epistemology, gene, genetic, herpetology, narcolepsy, odyssey, oligarchy, patriarch, phenomenology, photograph, pterodactyl, sympathomimetic. Modern o Bouzouki, moussaka, ouzo, rebetika, sirtaki, souvlaki. 6. Celtic borrowings Later Celtic borrowings o clan offspring, family, stock, o usquebaugh uisge beatha water of life, f. uisge water + beatha life - Whisky
This strategy would, no doubt, highlight the difference in cultural perception between the authors and the Romanian target readers. Moreover, strategies of further foreignization would make the travels `epistemic' (Cronin, 2000, p. 37) as the readers would not only `see', but also, and more importantly, they would have to reflect on what they see and make decisions. 3. Conclusions and consequences for intercultural communication
Aksioloogilised laused on vastastiku teisendatavad: Objekt on positiivse väärtusega siis ja ainult siis, kui selle objekti puudumine on negatiivse väärtusega. Ükskõiksust defineeritakse kui mittehalb ja mittehea. Esimene objekt on teisest parem siis ja ainult siis, kui teine on esimesest halvem. Võrdväärsust defineeritakse kui mitteparem ja mittehalvem. EPISTEEMILISED LAUSED (ik epistemic, ld. epistéme teadmine) väljendavad teadmiste astet. Teadmise astme väljendamist kindlustavad modaalsed kvantorid (operaatorid): on tõestatud, et ... on ümberlükatud, et ... on lahendamatu, et ... Episteemiliste mõistete süsteemi töötas esimesena välja Kurt Gödel (1906-1978). Selles süsteemis on määravaks modaalsus on tõestatav. Seaduspärasused on järgmised: Teadmine on alati tõene. Kui väide on tõestatav, siis on ta tõene.
Proposition Theory says nothing of how to associate a particular proposition with a given sentence.) The Verification Theory was meant to be used, and 100 Theories of meaning has been used--even by people who do not accept it in full--as a clarificatory tool. If you are confronted by a sentence that you presume to be meaningful but you do not entirely understand, ask yourself what would tend to show that the sentence was true or that it was false. The Verification Theory is thus an epistemic account of meaning; that is, it locates meaning in our ways of coming to know or finding out things. To a verificationist, a sentence's meaning is its epistemology, a matter of what its proper evidence base would be. (On one interpretation, the Sellarsian functional or Inferential Theory of Meaning mentioned in chapter 6 is verifi- cationist, as Sellars' inference rules are epistemic devices.) The positivists allowed that there is a special class of sentences that do
tõttu pole see lihtne. Kõige sobivam analoog on ehk deontiliste lausete loogiline ruut (vt joonis 12.2.), kus kohustusliku asemel on hea, lubatu asemel paras (sobiv), keelatu asemel halb ning mittekohustusliku asemel mittehea. Formaalse aksioloogia ülesehitamine pole sellisel viisil õnnestunud. USKUMUSTE JA TEADMISTEGA SEOTUD MODAALSED LOOGIKAD Uskumise ja teadmisega tegeleb terve klass modaalseid loogikaid, mis pole alati üksteisega kooskõlas. Episteemiline loogika (epistemic logic, kr sõnast TMpist»mh 'teadmine') tegeleb peamiselt teadmist väljendavate modaalsete lausete loogikaga. Episteemilise loogika rajamises osalesid aastatel 19481975 mitmed väga tuntud loogikud: R. Carnap, A. Prior, N. Rescher, G. H. von Wright, J. Hintikka. Väljend formaalne epistemoloogia on mõneti laiem: selle tähendusvälja sisse jäävad ka uskumuste loogikad. Episteemilises loogikas on käsitletud selliseid süsteeme, kus peamiseks operaatoriks ( ) on
S., 8{ Horowitz, L. M. (1990). Satisfaction in interpersonal interactions as a func- tion of similarity in level of dysphoria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 823-831. Lott, A. J., 8{ Lott, B. E. (1965). Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction: A review of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 259-3 0 9. Lun, J., Sinclair, S., Whitchurch, E. R, 8{ Glenn, C. (2007). (Why) do I think what you think? Epistemic social tuning and implicit prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 957-972. Lynn, M. (1989). Scarcity effect on value: Mediated by assumed expensiveness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10, 257-274. Lynn, M., 8{ Shurgot, B. A. (1984). Responses to lonely hearts advertisements: Effects of reported physical attractiveness, physique, and coloration. Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin, 10, 349-357. Lytton, J. (1979)
annaabi.ee 
