The leaves of deciduous trees are broad and quite light. This gives the leaves a bigger surface to capture sunlight to help produce food for the plant. This is called photosynthesis. When the weather gets cold, broad leaves are not good for the plant, as they lose too much moisture and get damaged. So the trees cut off the water supply to the leaves and seal off the leaf stems where they join onto the tree trunks. The leaves are not able to produce the chlorophyll that makes them green. The leaves become yellow, red or gold before they dry up and fall off the trees. Animals: A wide variety of mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles can be found in the deciduous forest biome. Mammals that can be found include bears, raccoons, squirrels, skunks, wood mice, and deer. Animals like bobcats, elk, bison, mountain lions, timberwolves, and coyotes used to be found in the deciduous forests, but have been hunted down by humans and almost wiped out.
2.3 Räni Si esineb veekogus lahustunud ränihapete, mittelahustunud soolade, elusate ja surnud ränivetikate näol või kompleksühenditena raua ja alumiiniumhüdroksiidiga. Räni sisaldus varieerub pinnakihis: · Troopilistes vetes ca 0,15 mg/l · Vaikses ookeanis kuni 7 mg/l Põhjalähedastes kihtides räni sisaldus tõuseb Räni on eriti oluline ränivetikate arenguks 2.4 Raud HNLC - High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll HNLC kirjeldab olukorda ookeanis, kus toiteaineid (N, P, Si) on palju, kuid fütoplanktoni arvukus ja biomass on madal. Põhjus: raua vaegus (Fe on oluline faktor fotosünteesi protsessis). Tehti ekperimentaalselt kindlaks juba 90.a keskel. HNLC tingimused esinevad eeskätt Vaikes ookeani ekvatoriaalses ja sub-arktilises piikonnas. 3. Veetemperatuur Temperatuur langeb sügavuse suurenedes. Termokliini olemasolust ja selle sügavusest sõltub
10 000 / 800 000 (× 100); 1.25 / 1.3 / 1(%); 2 (ii) R any reference to energy / light missing the plant reflected (off plant) / only certain wavelengths of light can be, absorbed / used; ora absorbed by / hits, non-photosynthetic parts; e.g. bark passes through leaf / misses chlorophyll / misses chloroplasts; some is heat that is used in evaporation / respiration; max 2 (iii) bacteria / named bacterium decomposer; (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas) 1 (iv) take the first 2 answers: death / dead remains; excretion; R waste products egestion; other suitable method; e.g. insects moulting
others are beneficial sources of antibiotics. Stretomyces - Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are Gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Algae - any of numerous groups of chlorophyll-containing, mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms ranging from microscopic single-celled forms to multicellular forms 100 feet (30 meters) or more long, distinguished from plants by the absence of true roots, stems, and leaves and by a lack of nonreproductive cells in the reproductive structures. Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners and livestock feed.[54] Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either
In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material. Biomass is carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms, including alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metals. These metals are often found in functional molecules such as the porphyrins which include chlorophyll which contains magnesium. Fossil fuels Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are also derived from biological material, however material that absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere many millions of years ago. As fuels they offer high energy density, but making use of that energy involves burning the fuel, with the oxidation of the carbon to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen to water (vapour). Unless they are
Too little oxygen results in carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperatures and high pressures involved, exhaust gases from petrol combustion in car engines usually include nitrogen oxides which are responsible for creation of photochemical smog. Formation Structure of a vanadium porphyrin compound (left) extracted from petroleum by Alfred E. Treibs, father of organic geochemistry. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and chlorophyll a (right). Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast quantities of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms, mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions. As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as
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