A copper cauldron found in 1892 in Sakkola, Karelian Isthmus SPREAD OF KARELIANS Heartlands around Lake Ladoga and Kareliand Isthmus Karelian people and culture did have larger spreading from Arctic Ocean to lake Ilmen, from shores of lake Saimaa in present day Finland to Beloye Ozero in Russia. Karelians' settlements were also predominant on the shores of White Sea, along northern Dvina and in the northern part of Gulf of Bothnia. Povest vremennykh let (also called Nestor's Chronicle) speaks of the White Sea Karelians as zavolodskye chudy, "Chuds in Hinterland" ALDEIGJUBORGLAATOKANLINNA · First town in Karelian lands · Importance declined after rise of Novgorod · Major trading centre, existed already 753 in 10th Century, subjugated to Novgorod
vesikond; Talvel osaliselt jaaga kaetud. Laanemere (). Tanapaeval on ule mindud praktilisele soolsuse skaalale alambasseinid. Helsingi Komisjoni poolt heaks kiidetud. (PSU), kus instrumentaalselt moodetud elektrijuhtivuse, Laanemere jaotus on jargmine: Laanemere avaosa (Baltic temperatuuri ja rohu abil maaratakse merevee soolsus empiirilise Proper), Pohjalaht (Gulf of Bothnia), Soome laht (Gulf of algoritmi abil. Meres esinev jaa jaotatakse tema tekke (paritolu) Finland), Liivi laht (Gulf of Riga), Taani vainad ja Kattegat (Belt jargi: merejaaks (merevee kulmumisel tekkinud jaa, moodustab Sea and Kattegat). pohimassi meres olevast jaast), joejaaks (tekkinud jogedel ja Keskkonnaprobleemid: Eutrofeerumine toitainete ulekullusest kantud joevoolu poolt merre) mandrijaaks (rannaaarsete liustike
species in Finland, with flora being richest in the southern parts of the country. Plant life, like most of the Finnish ecology, is well adapted to tolerate the contrasting seasons and extreme weather. Many plant species, such as the Scots Pine, spruce, birch spread throughout Finland from Norway and only reached the western coast less than three millennia ago. Oak and maple grows in nature only in the southern part of Finland. The Archipelago Sea, between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, is the largest archipelago in the world by number of islands; estimates vary between 20,000 and 50,000. Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago.
initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are a high standard of education, equality promotion, and national social security system currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an exportdriven economy (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 2.1.2 Geography Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia Area: total: 338,145 km2 land: 303,815 km2 and water: 34,330 km2 Coastline: 1250 km Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating inf luence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Terrain: mostly low, f lat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
illustrates the variation in the way the chart information is presented. Finally a new original chart of the same area based on new information. The examples are in sequence: • FI 903. Finnish general chart “Saaristomeri - Skärdgårdshavet“. Scale 1:200 000. Originally published in 1940, newest edition in 2002. No NtM corrections included. • BA 2297. British Admiralty general chart “Gulf of Bothnia – Saaristomeri and Ålands hav”. Scale 1:225 000. The first edition published in November 1984, newest edition in May 2003. NtM corrections included up to 30/2907/ 2004 • BSH 1300. German general chart “Finnische Küste – Åland-Inseln und Turku- Schären”. Scale 1:200 000. The first edition published in March 1981, newest edition in August 2003. NtM corrections included up to 33/2003. • RU 22059
annaabi.ee 
