It causes a lot of pain and even 1 blindness to the animal, also considerable financial losses in the herds because of the decreased weight gain, milk discard and costs of therapy (Postma et al., 2007). IBK can occur without clinical signs and bacteria can be cultured on the healthy cattle (Angelos, 2015). Problem is the resistance of Moraxella bovis in bovine herds and the establishment of biofilms in the nasal cavity and eyes of ruminants without any sings of infection (Ely et al., 2017). Pathogenesis Moraxella bovis is a gram-negative bacillus causes IBK in cattle. The occurrence and clinical signs depend on environment, season concurrent pathogens, host immune system and Moraxella bovis strain. The disease is highly contagious and can easily spread in the farm. Moraxella bovis is not capable to move but can cause the destruction of red blood cells (M.H. Brown et al. 1998)
antibiootikumidele resistentsed (seda tänu oma heterogeensusele ning määramata kasvuparameetritele). Biofilmid esitavad väljakutse mikrobioloogidele välja mõelda asjakohasemad testimise protokollid, et tegeleda tähelepanuväärsete probleemidega tööstuses ja meditsiinis. 12 Kasutatud kirjandus Hall-Stoodley, L.,Costerton, J.W., Stoodley, P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nature Reviews. Microbiol. 2, 95-108 (2004). [2009]. http://www.biofilm.montana.edu/CBEssentials-SW/bf-basics-99/bbasics- 01.htm [2008]. http://inimene.ee/?disease=t&sisu=disease&did=785 13
antibiotic trapped by film ; detail of entrapment ; dead bacteria in film form barrier ; AVP ; e.g. horizontal transmission / conjugation, easier in biofilm AVP ; 4 max (b) both strains have identical sensitivity when in suspension ; to all three antibiotics ; both, less sensitive / more resistant, when in biofilms (ora) ; strain 1 much, less sensitive / more resistant ; comparative figures ; C most effective / AW ; B least effective / AW ; 4 max (c) mutation ; random / chance / pre-existing ; detail of mutation ; e.g. base substitution, addition, deletion ref to, selection / selective advantage ; codes for different, glucan / biofilm ;
strategies and processing techniques. Pre- of growth initiation compared to cells that harvest strategies that may reduce the preva- have not been exposed to such adverse condi- lence in feces, as well as additional measures tions (Samelis et al. 2002, 2004; Stopforth et to prevent pre-evisceration contamination, al. 2007; Skandamis et al. 2007, 2009). Such would also markedly improve the microbial situations may also harden bacterial biofilms safety of the final product (Elder et al. 2000). on equipment surfaces and render them less Arthur et al. (2004) observed high correlation sensitive to sanitation agents (Stopforth et al. Meat Decontamination 73 2003). Moreover, even though cells exposed 1995). However, excessive doses of the to acidic environments formed by diluted above antimicrobials may allow for antimi-
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