Throughout most of its history, ancient Greece was comprised of city-states which had limited power beyond their boundary. On the small island of Rhodes were three of these: Ialysos, Kamiros, and Lindos. In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes. The city thrived commercially and had strong economic ties with their main ally, Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. In 305 BC, the Antigonids of Macedonia who were also rivals of the Ptolemies, besieged Rhodes in an attempt to break the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance. They could never penetrate the city. When a peace agreement was reached in 304 BC, the Antagonids lifted the siege, leaving a wealth of military equipment behind. The Rhodians decided to express their pride by building a triumphal statue of their favourite god, Helios. The task was assigned to the sculptor Chares of Lindos, a pupil of Lysippos himself, and twelve years (from 304 to 292 BC) were needed to complete it.
originate from the 9th century A settlement of tradesmen and artisans began to develop at the foot of Toompea hill Farmers from the neighbouring counties, were the masters In 1219 King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the stronghold From that time on the stronghold of Toompea belonged to foreign rulers After the subjugation, the Danes immediately set out to fortify it In the following years, the Danish stronghold was repeatedly besieged All attempts ended in failure Timeline Occupied in 1227 by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword In 1238 the rights of the Danes in North Estonia were restored and Toompea was once again ruled by Danes In 1346 Denmark sold its possessions to the Teutonic Order Until 1561 Toompea belonged to the Livonian Order According to the Altmark peace treaty of 1629, Estonian territories went to the king of Sweden
Due to damages during different wars the stronghold now lies in ruins. These days our theatre "Ugala" gives open air performances on Kaevumägi in the ruins. Every summer a grand Folk Music Festival takes place here. In Estonia everyone knows the song of a boatman rowing on Lake Viljandi. From the castle ruins the most beautiful view opens on the lake and its surroundings . History In 1211 the hill-fort of the estonians in viljandi was besieged by a joint army of germans, latvians, and livs. In 1283 the town received a charter from villekinus de endorpe, the master of the order. In 1470, johann woltus von herse, then master of the order, took up residence in the castle. In 1481, ivan iia of runnian laid siege to the castle but could not take it. After the great northern war the russians revoked local autonomy until 1783, when in the course of the regency reforms of the empress catherine the great viljandi became a district town
on the same site has also been found. The lands of Crookston were bought by Sir Alan Stewart in 1330, and passed to Sir John Stewart, 1st Lord Darnley, in 1361. The Darnley Stewarts replaced the early castle with the present stone structure around 1400.In 1489 the Stewart Earl of Lennox rebelled against James IV. James responded by bringing the cannon Mons Meg from Edinburgh, and bombarding the castle, virtually destroying its western end, and ensuring a quick surrender. In 1544 the castle was besieged and taken by the Earl of Arran and Cardinal Beaton, while the then Earl of Lennox was defending Glasgow Castle.Charles, the Earl of Lennox.The castle passed through several owners, until in 1757 it was sold by the Graham Duke of Montrose to the Maxwells of Pollok. Following several years of abandonment, the castle was partially restored by the Maxwells in 1847, to honour Queen Victoria's visit to Glasgow. In 1931, Crookston became the first property acquired by
Jamestown Colony (living conditions, population, plantations, import of slaves) In 1607, 144 English men and boys established the Jamestown colony, named after King James I. The colonists were told that if they did not generate any wealth, financial support for their efforts would end. Many of the men spent their days vainly searching for gold. As a consequence, the colonists spent little time farming. Food supplies dwindled. MALARIA and the harsh winter besieged the colonists, as well. After the first year, only 38 of the original 144 had survived. The colony may well have perished had it not been for the leadership of John Smith. He imposed strict discipline on the colonists. "Work or starve" was his motto, and each colonist was required to spend four hours per day farming. A new boatload of colonists and supplies sank off the coast of Bermuda on its way to help the hungry settlement
the floorboard of a hypocaust furnace with the openings for for heat, inner portals, wall niches, a beam ceiling 11 with some remnants of painting, etc. Along with the neighbouring buildings the house belongs to a group known as Three Brothers. 47 Lai Street At the end of Lai Street, near the town wall, there is a low round building. It is the town's former horse-powered treadmill, where grain was ground for the city folk in times of war, when the enemy besieged the city and the watermills at the moat outside the city gates stopped, or in winter when mill wheels were frozen. The first record of the mill dates back to 1379. It was thoroughly repaired in the first half of the 16th century, in 1701-1702 it was again under repairs and by 1741 once more dilapidated. Then it was turned over to the army as a storehouse. In 1757 the mill and the palace of Peter I in its vicinity burnt down. The ruins were rented out in 1772 to be built into stores
London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public records office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Buckingham Palace - Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch.[1] Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality
1899-1902 British gold miners were denied political rights in Transvaal. Finally piece in 1902 after many battles The Indian Mutiny 1857-1858 Also known as Sepoy rebellion Was the revolt of the Indian soldiers in the British army in Bengal It developed into a wide-spread uprising Soldiers were angered by the issuing of cartridges coated in beef and pork fat- taboo to Hindu and Muslims Soon the civil population was involved in the rising, teh rebels besieged Lucknow, and conquered Cawnpore and Delhi, British reconquest 1858 Reforms: rule went to British Crown First Indian War of Independence The British Raj in India The process of expansion involved continual conflicts between native rulers and the Company was forced into becoming a governing organisation The Company conrtolled the whole India while last persistent Marathas was defeated When a ruler died without children, the Company would be inheritor
enemy's wavelength. Radio thereupon introduced two revolutionary factors in the interception of communications: volume and continuity. Communications are intercepted, of course, so that they may be submitted to cryptanalysis. Now cryptanalysis has a potential that cryptography does not. Cryptanalysis can alter the status quo. Cryptography can at best conserve it. Cryptanalysis can bring countries into war, engender naval battles and win them, compel besieged cities to yield, condemn queens to death and exile priestly conspirators from their homeland. Cryptanalysis hammers upon the real world. Cryptography does not. Consequently, the telegraph, which affected only cryptography, had had a wholly internal influence upon cryptology. That a hierarchy of special systems had arisen to displace the nomenclator interested only cryptologists; it did not matter to generals or statesmen. And although
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