02 (,,= A1 + 0.02"). Soovime signaali genereerida n = 17 perioodi ulatuses, valisime samm 0.02, siis on lahtrite arvuks m = 17/0.02 + 1 = 851. Kirjutasime lahtrisse B1 valem ,,=SIN(6.28318*A1)/(6.28318*A1)". Kopeerisime valem kõigisse m-i lahtrisse. Kopeerisime kõigi B tulba lahtrite sisu ning avasime Calc'is uus tööleht. Valisime uuel töölehel lahter A1, kasutasime ,,Paste Special...", pärast seda valisime ,,Paste Values". Salvestasime uus tööleht kausta My Documents/Waveforms .csv failina (meie juhul telekom labor2 sinc.csv) Ühendasime signaaligeneraatori väljund ostsilloskoobimooduli A sisendiga. Seejärel käivitasime sinc signaali genereerimine. Selleks avasime signaaligeneraatori menüü , märkisime linnukese kasti ,,Signal On". Vajutasime nupule ,,Import" ja avasime eelnevalt salvestatud .csv fail sinc signaaliga (telekom labor2 sinc.csv). Signaali sagedus f ,,Start Frequency" valisime selline, et n·f oleks ligikaudu 5 kHz. Kui n = 17,
Round the true answers 1. How many electrons are there in the valence orbit of a germanium atom within a crystal? 8 2. The base of a bipolar transistor is made of: semiconductor Ticket No15 diode thyristor The Main Problem Mark the inputs, outputs, and each element of the circuit. 1. What device this circuit diagram belongs to? Forward biased diode circuit 2. Plot the voltage and current waveforms of this device. 3. Inscribe the axes and mark the specific regions and points of the characteristics. 4. What are the typical values of the quantities in the points, which you have marked? 5. Tell about the powers, voltages, and currents of the device. It is a nonlinear device meaning that its output current is not proportional to the voltage. Easy direction of electron flow is against the diode arrow. Its typical bulk resistance is less than 1 oom and
116 Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors Figure 5.11 Effect of integral. Summarized PID The proportional part of a PID loop causes the output to follow the input (setpoint). The derivative allows the output to respond to rapidly changing inputs and to compensate for varying loads. The integral compensates for long-term errors. All the examples so far have shown a system with overshoot and some oscil- lation around the setpoint. These waveforms are typical for a system with an underdamped response. The ideal goal for most PID systems is to achieve a crit- ically damped response, like that shown in Figure 5.12. Here, the system rises rapidly to the setpoint but does not overshoot or oscillate when the setpoint is reached. Practical Considerations Although a PID loop can compensate for varying loads, it still must be tuned. Tuning is the process of selecting the parameters (coefficients) of the three terms
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