word-combinations may appear and these are of interest in stylistics! e.g word combinations 3 usual unusual A week ago A grief ago, a smile ago, a cigarette ago A delicious meal A delicious murder Ungrammatical sentence Ungrammatical house A crooked street Crooked hopes e.g Colourless, green ideas sleep furiously. The stylistics of lg, the stylistics of speech Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the principals of selecting and using linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, phonetic) intended to pass on shades of meaning and emotions. We must keep apart the stylistics of language and the stylistics of speech. Stylistics of
"My parent has passed away" bookish. "My old man has kicked a basket" colloquial. The choice of words may be peculiar and so unexpected word combinations may arise. Any such phrase is of an interest in stylistics: USUAL UNUSUAL a week / month ago a grief ago / a smile ago / a cigarette ago delicious meal delicious murder ungrammatical sentence ungrammatical house a crooked street a crooked hook bloodthirsty killer bloodthirsty embrace "Colourless green ideas sleep furiously" - (highly original). OR: e. e. comings (modernist poet): "My father moved through dooms of love Through sames of am through haves of give ..." (here "am" becomes a noun, also "have" becomes a noun). J
"). For the sake of humor or for efficient advertising the endings er and est are added to "bad", "good", "many". Sometimes even double forms are used. VERBS: the Historical Present (present tense) in the author's narrative is used to render past events, creating the illusion of things happening at the present moment. Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief, indignation. Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild. In the dialogue we may come across ungrammatical instances: I says; we says; times has changed. These cases reflect ungrammatical, uneducated, original, or excited state of mind. Archaic verbal forms may be used to create the historical background or make the narrative more elevated. On the other hand they may suggest the colloquial speech, because these forms are preserved in dialects (e.g. ending st (you live you livest (second person Singular). ADVERBS: are expressive when used as intensifiers (e.g
In her poetry she scrutinised the material world that surrounded her and the inner world of her emotions. The subjects of her poems are traditional love, nature, religion and mortality. However, her treatment of these subjects is highly original. The language is cryptic and dramatic; the imagery and metaphors are strikingly original. Early publishers corrected her eccentric punctuation, which included the frequent use of dashes, seemingly random capitalisation of nouns, ungrammatical sentences and broken metre. Metaphysical influence The influence of the 17th cent Metaphysical poets can be seen in the intensity of the emotions she expressed and her use of startling metaphors. Inner struggle and nature Her poetry often reveals a painful inner struggle that may have been caused by religious doubt. Although she could not accept the doctrines of orthodox religion, she seemed to long for the comforts of unquestioned faith. Hers is the
· Degrees of comparison may be violated (better--weller) Verbs: · Historical Present--used in the author's narrative in order to render past events creating the illusion of things happening at the present moment. · Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief and indignation. · Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild (he's not feeling so good today) · In the dialogue, we may come across some ungrammatical forms that speak of the education of the character, his origin or his excitement (I aint, He done me harm) · Archaic verbal forms may be used to create the historical background or make the narrative more elevated. On the other hand, they may suggest colloquial speech. These forms are preserved in dialect (thou knowest, he knoweth, I didst) Numerals: · Usually numerals are not expressive, yet, when used in exaggeration (hyperbole) they may become expressive
entity rather than a physical object. One might suppose that if the name of an individual is concatenated with the name of a quality, as in (8) Ralph fatness the resulting string would have normal subjectpredicate meaning, say that Ralph is fat. (Early in his career, Bertrand Russell suggested that, by writing down a list of names for the right sorts of things in the right order, one would form the collective name of a state of affairs.) But in fact (8) is ungrammatical. For it to take on normal subjectpredicate meaning, a verb would have to be inserted: (9) Ralph {has/exemplifies} fatness which would launch Bradley's regress again. Objection 3 As we shall see and discuss in the next two chapters, there are specific lin- guistic phenomena that seem to show that there is more to meaning than reference. In particular, coreferring terms are often not synonymous; that is, two terms can share their referent but differ in meaning--"Joseph Ratzinger"
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