such as yeasts and molds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Actinomycetes - any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic bacteria noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive colony, or mycelium. The mycelium in some species may break apart to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many genera also form spores; the sporangia, or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or free within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella. Many species of actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to animals and higher plants, while some are important pathogens, and many others are beneficial sources of antibiotics. Stretomyces - Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the
Cookingham, T., Goodrich, R. M., Parish, M. E., Schneider K. R. Preventing Foodborne Illness: Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. University of Florida, USA. 2004 Cousin, M. A. Sporeforming Bacteria in Foods. Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Layfayette, IN. 2003 Doyle, M. P., Beuchat, L. R. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd Edition. ASM Press, Washington, 2007. lk 35-37; 445-452. Giffel, M. C., Wagendorp, A., Herrewegh, A., Driehuis, F. Bacterial spores in silage and raw milk. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2002, 81, lk 625. Lampel, K. A. Bad Bug Book, Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins. 2nd Edition. FDA, USA. 2013, lk 83 – 86; 109 – 110. Murray, P., Pfaller, M., Rosenthal, K. Medical Microbiology. 7th Edition, Saunders, Elsevier. 2012, lk 209 – 215; 327 – 337. Ray, C. G., Ryan, K. J. Sherris Medical Microbiology. 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, USA. 2014, lk 483 – 487. Roasto, M., Breivel, M., Dreimann, P
three treatments were acceptable to consum- as treatments to successfully kill microbes in ers, with flush-scavenger and scavenger foods. Irradiation damages microbial DNA, alone having lowest oxygen levels (<0.1% resulting in cell death. According to Aymerich v/v) compared with flush alone (0.9%). Ellis et al. (2008), viruses are most resistant to et al. (2006) studied the quality of refriger- irradiation, followed by bacterial spores, ated chicken breast stored under MAP (100% yeasts, molds, Gram-positive bacteria, and N2 or 75 : 25 N2 : CO2), with or without Gram-negative bacteria. This technology has slow- and fast-release sachets containing excellent penetration power. For example, antimicrobial chlorine dioxide (ClO2). x-rays and gamma rays can penetrate 80 to Samples containing ClO2 sachets had 1.0 to 100 cm while e beams have less penetrating 1
outdoors. Transplants may grow taller and flower sooner than seed started plants. They should start to flower in ten weeks. Weeds can be a problem for sunflowers. Weed control is practiced for the first four to five weeks after seed emergence. For the home garden, hand weeding and mulching are the best methods. Diseases and Pests A common disease of sunflowers is Sclerotina or white mold, which causes stalk and head rots. Disease spores can live for many years in the soil. Other common diseases are downy mildew, rust and verticillium wilt. Sanitation and crop rotation should be considered for control in the home garden. The sunflower head moth is the major insect pest. The moth attacks at flowering time with the larvae feeding on floral parts and tunneling through developing seed. Aphids and whiteflies also can be a problem. Birds can be troublesome near harvest time. Seeds are exposed and the large flower head
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