a disco discos a photo photos a kilo kilos a piano pianos a radio radios 6) erandlikult esineb mõnede f- ja fe-lõpuliste sõnade mitmuse vormis muutus, kus f läheb v-ks, millele lisandub lõpp -es a leaf leaves a thief thievesk a half halves a shelf shelves a knife knives a wife wives teiste f(e)-lõpuliste sõnade mitmuse lõpul on -s a roof roofs a chief chiefs a safe safes OMASTAV KÄÄNE Inglise keeles on nimisõnadel ainult üks käändelõpugamkääne omastav kääne (the genitive / possessive case). Ainsuses olevatel nimisõnadel on omastava käände lõpuks ülakoma + s (´s) Mary´s brother Mary vend Byron´s poems Byroni luuletused the cat´s tail kassi saba Mitmuse omastava käände moodustamiseks liidetakse s-lõpulistele mitmuses olevatele nimisõnadele ainult ülakoma (´) :
· knife / knives · life / lives · leaf / leaves · loaf / loaves · scarf / scarves (s) · self / selves · sheaf / sheaves · shelf / shel ves · thief / thieves · wolf / wolves There are, however, exceptions: · dwarf / dwarfs · roof / roofs · chief / chiefs · staff / staffs · chiff / chiffs · safe / safes · still life / still lifes Irregular plural: · child / children · woman / women · man / men · person / people · goose / geese · mouse / mice · barracks / barracks · deer / deer · tooth / teeth · ox / oxen Nouns: hair is; knowledge is; news is; police are; cattle are; government is/are; means is/are; series is/are; species is/are; scissors are.
Words ending with ch, x, s, sh, o ----> es class – classes brush – brushes box – boxes Some words ending with f, fe, lf ----> ves knife – knives wolf – wolves life – lives but: chiefs, safes, cliffs, handkerchiefs Irregular forms man - men woman - women tooth - teeth goose - geese ox - oxen louse - lice foot - feet mouse - mice child - children
a boy boys a guy guys a monkey monkeys a key keys · · olõpulistele nimisõnadele lisatakse s. a piano pianos a radio radios a kilo kilos · Erandid! a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes a negro negroes a hero heroes · · f(e)lõpulistele sõnadele mitmuses lisatakse s. a roof roofs a safe safes · Erandid! a leaf leaves a thief thieves a wife wives a knife knives a shelf shelves a half halves · Pane tähele! Nimisõnad, millel on ebareeglipärane mitmus: a man men a woman women a foot feet a penny pence(kogusumma), pennies(üksikud mündid) a deer deer a sheep sheep an ox oxen
So when the time arrived to compile a new nomenclator, they abandoned that form, copied the commercial form, and produced a full-fledged code. The nomenclators had had their 1,- or 2,000 code-numbers in mixed order, but the war and foreign ministries balked at the expense of drawing up a 50,000- entry code in two parts, and they had no professional cryptanalysts to warn them of the danger of the one-part format. They relied for security upon small editions, big safes, extensive lexicon (large codes are harder to break than small ones, other things being equal), and superencipherment, retaining codenumbers to facilitate this instead of switching to codewords. This evolution was essentially complete by the 1860s. The large, one-part code had replaced the small, two-part nomenclator in high-level military and diplomatic cryptography. Meanwhile, the telegraph, author of this development, was creating
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