aastal asutatud Alcala de Henarese ülikool Madridi lähedal. Vaba mõtte levikusse suhtusid vanulikult nii absolutism kui aristokraatia, kirik ja puudus tugev kodanlus. Hispaanias ei levinud humanism filosoofilise õpetusena vaid rahvaliku impulsiivse tungina. Hispaania kirjandus on laadilt mehelik, kujunduselt konkreetsust taotlev ja toetub keskaegsele rahvuslikule traditsioonile. Usulise temaatika rohkuse mõju näol ilmneb kiriku tohutu mõju. Draamas tekkis eriline vaimu zanr auto sacramental- piibli lugusid või pühakute elusid käsitlev lühinäidend. Hispaania renessanss ulatub 15. sajandi kolmandast veerandist 17. sajandi esimeste kümnenditeni. Kirjanduses esineb olustikuline, kohati satiiriline element. Seda suunda taotleb loomingus Juan Manuel (1282-1348) 'Krahv Lucanor'. Juan Ruiz (1238-1350), Hita ülempreester, teosega 'Hea armastuse raamat' Ajastu suurim lüürik oli Jorge Manrique (1440- 1479). Viljeles isiku- ja tundeluulet. 16
Juan del Encina · õppis Sal Manca ülikoolis · oli paavst Leo X juures laulja ja muusik · viljakas kirjanik · lühinäidendid, farsilikud · Encima näidendid églogad farsilikud lühinäidendid · üks element hispaania draama kujunemisloos Gil Vincente (1465-1537) · portugallane, sündinud ja elanud Lissabonis · näitekirjanik: komöödiad ja tragikomöödiad · auto sacramental, püha armulaua sakrament oli keskne neis näidendites kes saab lunastatud, kes mitte (6) vs (A) :P · lüürilised näidendid · vahelepõimitud luuletused ja laulud: eriti loodusest (panteism) Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1501-1536) · näitekirjanik · esimene kuulsam mestiits (eurooplane+indiaanlane) · pärit kuninglikust suguvõsast · ,,Kuninglikud kommentaarid" 1609 : inkade kuninglikest suhetest · ,,Peruu üldine ajalugu" · ekloogid: karjaseteema
thought and practice. Within the Church "High Church" and "Low Church" wings can be identified. The former are also known as Anglo-Catholic and the latter as Evangelical theologies and practices. Anglican church(es) The Anglican Communion is an international association of independent churches consisting of the Church of England and national and regional Anglican churches in full communion with it. Full participation in the sacramental life of each church is available to all communicant Anglicans. The Kirk = the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian in its structure, governed by a system of local, regional and national 'courts' or councils. 'Presbyterian' government refers to the sharing of authority in the church by an equal number of 'elders' (elected from the membership of the church) and ministers. Evangelical = low church The Low Church movement can trace its roots back to the early
Church of England. *Fidei Defensor It is an originally Latin title which translates to Defender of the Faith. The phrase has been used as part of the full style of many monarchs since the early 16th century. It has been one of the titles of the English and later British and Commonwealth monarchs since it was granted by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII of England. The title was given in recognition of Henry's book, "Defence of the Seven Sacraments". It defended the sacramental nature of marriage and the supremacy of the Pope. *Cardinal Wolsey He was Henry VIII's most important government minister and the position of a cardinal gave him almost daily contact with the king who rewarded him with huge power. Wolsey was, at times, the government of the country. He did a great deal to reform the legal system in England. It was modernised and the power of the Church courts was reduced as the power of the common law courts was increased. Wolsey's fall from grace
death and rebirth of the god-king. T h e Greeks adopted the general patterns of these seasonal dramatic rituals and made them part of their yearly calendar of religious festivals, built around the doings of gods like Apollo and Dionysos. T h e great Greek tragedies and comedies evolved slowly from ritual re-enactments and recitations of poems about the gods and heroes, and originally were conceived as religious ceremonies, sacramental acts designed to have a beneficial effect on the spirit. T h e magnificent outdoor theatres of ancient Greece were originally built as temples dedicated to the god Dionysos, one of the dying and rising gods. T h e plays enacted there were intended as the dramatic climax to vast religious pageants, and they were carefully designed to bring about the emotional effect that Aristode called catharsis, a feeling of pity and fear evoked by watching the unfolding fate of a hero
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