people of America. If there were just one development that directly caused the American Revolution and uplifted the intellectual culture of the continent while it was only a British colony, it would be the American Enlightenment. Broadly, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed the fundamental perspective of the masses, urging them to foster skepticism and apply scientific principles in matters of religion and morality. Its chief values were: Liberty, Democracy, Republicanism, Religious Tolerance. The movement gained momentum with the publication of landmark texts like Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason, and the Jefferson Bible, but the most influential thinker was undoubtedly John Locke, whose ideas spread to the colonies and across Europe. Main Ideas of the American Enlightenment: The Enlightenment caused a shift in the cultural and social attitudes of the people, bringing in some new and radical ideas
On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal become the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional). This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to
· Kinnitati lojaalsust SB-le ! Ameerika revolutsiooni vaimsed mõjutajad I SB poliitiline süsteem: põhiseaduslik monarhia = rahva esinduskogu olemasolu, võimude lahusus, parlamentarism; lepinguteooria : Kui valitseja ei pea kinni lepingutest, on ta võimalik tagandada (sündmused Inglismaal 1689, Locke) II 17.saj. Inglismaa (puritaanide) traditsioonilised poliitilised väärtused: põhiseaduslikud vabadused ja Cromwelli ajastu vabariiklik ideoloogia ... vabariiklus (republicanism); SB mandumine korruptsiooni ja monarhia tulemusena 18.saj. (aristokraat. Roll) III Piibel ja protestantismi mõju · Vana testamendi Genesis: ,,Kõik loodi võrdsetena" ja Eksodus: vaarao (valitseja) kaotab, iisraeli rahvas (puritaanid/ameeriklased) taastab vabaduse; kuningate jumalik õigus ei eksisteeri (mäss õigustatud) · Piibli keel ja kuvandid mõjutasid nii eliidi kui ka rahva käitumist: võimalik rakendada poliitika vankri ette
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