several policy instruments. In the early postwar period, the government subsidized half the planting cost in order to rapidly reforest areas destroyed in the war. Afforestation on bare land was completed within a decade, and then reforestation from natural to artificial forest came to be regarded as important. After 1957, 48% of the planting cost for such reforestation was provided as a subsidy by the central government, compared with 24% for the replanting of artificial forests. The amount of subsidy has changed several times, but the relative difference has been maintained up to the present. Favourable loans are also available for forest management. The Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Finance Corporation, an affiliated group of the central government established in 1953, provides funds for forestry at fixed interest rates that are lower than prevailing rates from private banks
carbon sequestered millions of years ago and thus contributing to increased atmospheric concentrations. The vital difference between biomass and fossil fuels is one of time scale. Biomass takes carbon out of the atmosphere while it is growing, and returns it as it is burned. If it is managed on a sustainable basis, biomass is harvested as part of a constantly replenished crop. This is either during woodland or arboricultural management or coppicing or as part of a continuous programme of replanting with the new growth taking up CO2 from the atmosphere at the same time as it is released by combustion of the previous harvest. This maintains a closed carbon cycle with no net increase in atmospheric CO2 levels. Within this definition, biomass for energy can include a wide range of materials. The realities of the economics mean that high value material for which there is an alternative market, such as good quality, large timber, are very unlikely to become available for energy applications.
[6] 137. (i) trees are living organisms; renewable; ref to, growth / growing; timber is, of use to human beings / made into products; max 2 (ii) harvested at levels which leave sufficient organisms; to grow / reproduce, and replenish what has been harvested; ref to, coppicing / replanting / afforestation; can be carried on indefinitely; max 2 [4] 138. (a) cyclamen mite / prey populations increase; when conditions are suitable / when predator numbers are low / no or few limiting factors; provides plenty of food for predator mites; which begin to increase later / time lag;
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