The fact that I have an idea of God implies its existence. Also unicorns 10. Why God's truthfulness is important for Descartes? If God is the truth, and he created our minds, we can trust that our minds are good means to reach the truth. 11. According to Descartes, by what elements is man constituted and how are they connected? Human beings are formed by the union of a res cogitans (thinking thing - mind/soul) and a res extensa (an extended thing - material substance), that are united in the pineal gland. 12. What is the main problem of Descartes philosophy? Dualism. Idea- Things; soul-body c. Hume 13. What is the problem that Hume is trying to solve? What answer he gives to this problem? Can we be certain about anything? He wants to show that this pretension is absolutely false. 14. What is Empiricism? 15. What is Skepticism? Skepticism is generally any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, opinions or beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding
behavior. Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus after being stimulated by the pituitary gland. It is released with touches and hugs. Oxytocin is associated with bonding between a mother and a child and as well as between lovers. If oxytocin is given to healthy individuals, it seems that their brain circuits involved in fear are affected and there is an increase in trust and generosity. The production of melatonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Melatonin levels peak in the middle of the night and decrease towards the morning. As the days get darker, we become tired more early. The use of artificial light can increase the awake time dramatically. Melatonin release correlates to our circadian cycle the biological clock based on the 24-hour day/night cycle. It is suggested that taking melatonin in the early evening may improve one's ability to fall asleep
This idea is deeply embedded in human culture, and particularly in European culture since Descartes. However, it clearly implies both dualism and mindbody causation, because a conscious thought (i.e. my intention) would need to drive the motor areas of the brain, and thus the muscles of my body, to realize my action. Attempts to identify the crucial interface where the mind controls the brain have been as unsatisfactory as Descartes' original suggestion of the pineal gland. The search is clearly misguided, because conscious experience is a consequence of brain activity, rather than its cause. A classic study by Libet and colleagues [4] highlights the tension between folk-psychological beliefs about free will and a scientific account of intention. Libet et al. asked their subjects to fixate a spot rotating every 2560 ms on a screen. Subjects made a voluntary movement of the right hand whenever they `felt the urge' to do so
2) Pretectum – kontrl pupilli suurust ereduse muutudes 3) Superior colliculus – kontrl pea suund, perifeerse nägemisvälja 4) Pineal body – pikaajaline ööpeäva rütm 5) Acessory optic – liigutab silmi 6) Visual cortex – tajumuster, tajusügavus, värvid, liikuvad obj 7) Frontal eye fields – teadlik silma liikumine
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