Saxon kingdoms liked nationalism. Numerous attempts were made throughout this period to create, if not a nation of Wales, then at least larger and more powerful kingdoms within Wales. One of the early leaders of these tentative movements toward nationalism was Rhodri ap Merfyn, later to be known as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great). In 877 the two "Greats", Rhodri and Alfred clashed, and the Welsh leader and his son were killed. England kings fearful of the power of Rhodri's sons, submitted to the overlordship of Wessex, who were English leaders. Eventually even two other son's of Rhodri the Great were forced to acknowledge Alfred Wessex as their overlord. This step was to have far-reaching consequences for English leaders since they could claim overlordship of pretty much all over the Wales. In 1066 when Normans invaded England Welsh rose in revolt. By the 1100 Normans were driven out of two big costal areas and almost from all of the middle Wales.
developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cined mac Ailpn (Kenneth MacAlpin). From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period
kingdom and had himself crowned United Scotland became known as Kingdom of Alba For two C-s Scotland developed under Pictish rule Malcolm III Canmore and Queen Margaret He was the king of Scotland He married to Margaret of the house of Wessex, whose favour secured Anglo-Norman secular They had several children Queen Margaret became a saint Malcolm fought wars against the Kingdom of England, had to acknowledge the overlordship of the English King Malcolm´s accession to the throne is the The Anglo-Norman invasion of Scotland Queen Margaret invited the Anglo-Normans to settle in They gave the Scottish king some land, anglo- normans pledged loyalty to that They established themselves in Scotland and built castles where Scottish kings would hide in trouble Some Scottish nobles came to live under The English King The Scottish Wars of independence 1286-1371
Ethelred fought these off, but in many cases bought them off by payment of what was to become known as Danegeld. *Canute/Cnut Canute the Great, also known as Cnut was a Viking king of England and Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden. He was a son of a Danish king and became famous with his invasion of England. The kingdom fell quickly and Canute was held to be king . He successed as a statesman, politically and militarily. Canute held a considerable overlordship across other areas of the British Isles too. He divided his new kingdom into four parts and married the kings widow Emma in order to help legitimize his reign. By carefully selecting his advisors he became very well placed to command loyalty from both the Danish and the English. *The Vikings of Normandy Viking raids on England started in the late 8th century. Over- wintering in camps and the control of extensive areas of land became characteristic of Viking activity in England
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