are on the hotspot list, the California Floristic Province is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. The region contains a wide variety of ecosystems, including sagebrush steppe, coastal sage scrub, chaparral, juniper-pine woodland, upper montane-subalpine forest, alpine forest, riparian forest, cypress forests, mixed evergreen forests, Douglas fir forests, sequoia forests, redwood forests, coastal dunes, and salt marshes. Today, about 80,000 square kilometers or 24.7 percent of the original vegetation, remains in more or less pristine condition. Sagebrush steppe coastal sage scrub chaparral subalpine forest redwood forests Made by: Kristjan-Artur Reek
The coastline is deeply indented; two prominent features are the excellent natural harbor at Antsiranana and the large island of Nosy-Be. The mountainous topography to the south limits the potential of a port at Antsiranana by impeding the traffic from other parts of the island. The central highlands The central highlands contain a wide variety of topographies: rounded and eroded hills, massive . granite outcrops and alluvial plains and marshes. The central highlands include the Anjafy High Plateaux and the Ankaratra Massif. A prominent feature of the central highlands is a rift valley, the largest body of water on the island, having a length of forty kilometers. This region has experienced geological subsidence, and earth tremors are frequent here. The west coast The west coast, composed of sedimentary formations deposited in several layers over time, is more indented than the east coast.
Estonia, along with Finland and Sweden are the countries with the greatest percentage of forest. Forest management and wood production are particularly important for the Estonian economy. Meadows Meadows in Estonia are much richer in different species than western Europe, and in summer foreign tourists travelling around the countryside can discover for themselves the variety and colour of the roadside meadows. The type of meadow richest in species is the wooded meadow. Marshes and bogs About one fifth of Estonia is covered with marshes and bogs, and most of these are to be found in the central and eastern parts of the country. The best place to see marshes is in the Soomaa National Park in Western Estonia. Soomaa indeed means "Bogland" in Estonian and impressive bogs cover the majority of the park with the thickness of the peat layer reaching up to 7 metres in some places. At least 10 per cent of the Estonian territory is subject to the environment protection. The
Jõgeva maakond Endla nature reserve It is located on the borderline of Järva, Jõgeva and West-Viru counties. It is mostly known for various marshes, fens, quaking bogs, lakes, canebrakes, wellsprings, rivers, fen forests, fens and mesotrophic mires, marsh forests, meadows, diverse flora and fauna. Jõgeva town The small town of Jõgeva town is located on the eastern side of Middle-Estonia. You won't find large buildings or breathtaking architecture here, but an overwhelming sense of togetherness and plenty of cultural events, the majority of them geared towards younger people.
against them. · Duke William landed at Pevensey Before Harold could return from York to south south William landed his army at Pevensey Bay . Then he decided to move to Hastings, where he built a prefabricated wooden castle for a base of operations. From there, he ravaged the hinterland and waited for Harold's return from the north. · Harold Godwineson returned to London. William chose Hastings as it was at the end of a long peninsula flanked by impassable marshes. Battle was on the isthmus. Harold had been reconnoitering the south of England for some time and well appreciated the need to occupy this isthmus at once. Battle of Hastings · The English army -7,500 men The English army had fought a major battle at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire less than three weeks earlier, which may have affected its battle worthiness at Hastings. The most formidable
50% of Estonia is covered with forests and 30% is covered with wetlands. Estonian landscape features numerous meteorite craters. The Endla Nature Reserve in Central Estonia is an uninhabited wetland covered in a variety of vegetation and fauna. It covers seven ancient bogs, zix slow- flowing rivers, five shallow lakes and over 30 springs. Pärnumaa means sun, sean and holidays. Pärnu is the summer capital of Estonia. It is rich in sandy beaches, forests, bogs and marshes. It is in the South-West of Estonia. Its area is about 32 square kilometres. About 45000 people live in Pärnu, 80% of them are Estonians. Pärnu is the 5th biggest city in Estonia. It's an important harbour-city. Pärnu was founded in 1241. It was then known by the German name of Pernau. Sweden took control of town during the 16th century Livonian War. It was taken by the Russian Empire in 1721 following the Great Northern War. The town
Lowland. The Appalachian Mountains are old and worn down. West of the Appalachians stretch the Central Plains, the Great Plains, and the Mexican Lowland. The Central Plains are 500-400 m high and have a hilly relief in the north. The Great Plains are a deeply cut plateau with the heights of 500 m in the east to 1600 m in the west. The flat Mexican Lowland, with the height of up to 150 m, is swampy along the Gulf coast and surrounded by a strip of marshes. The Cordilleras consist of rows of mountain ranges with the heights of up to 3000-5000 m. In Alaska the mountain ranges stretch in the west-east direction. 4 On the territory of the USA the mountain ranges stretch in the north-south direction. The first from the east are the Rocky Mountains. West of the Rockies lie vast plateaus and tablelands: the volcanic Columbia Plateau, the Great Basin, the Colorado Plateau.
survival of plants and animals. Marsh vegetation shows greater sensitivity to fresh light crude or light refined products whilst weathered oils cause relatively little damage. Oiling of the lower portion of plants and their root systems can be lethal whereas even a severe coating on leaves may be of little consequence especially if it occurs outside the growing season. In tropical regions, mangrove forests are widely distributed and replace salt marshes on sheltered coasts and in estuaries. Mangrove trees have complex breathing roots above the surface of the organically rich and oxygen-depleted muds in which they live. Oil may block the openings of the air breathing roots of mangroves or interfere with the trees' salt balance, causing leaves to drop and the trees to die. The root systems can be damaged by fresh oil entering nearby animal burrows and the effect may persist for some time inhibiting recolonisation by mangrove seedlings
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