appraisal that leads to emotional response. This emotional response can influence the situation and can change behaviour. These emotional responses are linked to changes in autonomic and neuroendocrine systems, which are essential for metabolic support when preparing the body for action. Since emotion can influence important processes like learning, decision-making, memory and consequently health and welfare of the individual (Wolf, 2007; Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 2000; Gross and Levenson, 1993) then dysfunctional regulation of emotions can lead to psychopathology (Segerstrom et al., 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). There are many different strategies employed to regulate emotions. Gross (2007) has described ER strategies as social- cognitive traditions that are dynamic and ubiquitous in trait. ER can be viewed as trait-like, that is individual tendencies and differences towards certain ER strategies.
completely submerged' (Jones, 1972: p345), raising questions over contestability. Questions remain over the role of competition in facilitating or impeding integrated working. Take the example of an emerging integrated care system in Trafford, where preserving choice between providers at different parts of the pathway is a major challenge in the face of current policy on choice and competition (Ham and Smith, 2010; Shaw and Levenson, forthcoming). The predominant focus in Trafford is to provide integrated services for the local community. However, with current policy emphasising choice for patients from any willing provider (Department of Health, 2010), similar integrated care systems or organisations may need to create access to alternative providers outside of the immediate network, in order to satisfy wider policy requirements for choice and competition (Lewis and others, 2010).
kogevad nad ärevust ja depressiooni. Stressiga sarnaselt võivad need negatiivsed emotsioonid immuunreaktsiooni pärssida. Sellest nähtub, et tervis ei ole kontrolliga lineaarselt (põhjuslikult) seotud. Optimaalse tervise huvides on soovitatav teatud piirini kontrolli omada, ent samas tunnetada situatsiooni, millisest alates kontroll võimatu on. Rotteri kontrollkeskme skaala seesmised ja välised mõõted on teineteisest sõltumatud (Levenson, 1981). See tähendab, et me võime omada kõrget või madalat tulemust mõlemal skaalal korraga. Meenutagem, et Seligmani teooria kohaselt tekitab seesmise kontrolli orientatsioon tõenäolisemalt depressiooni, kuna väline kontrolli orientatsioon on kaitseks depressiooni vastu. Seligman ei soovita sellega kontrolli katsetest loobuda, vaid püüab osutada, et liiga suure kontrolli rakendamata jätmine võib anda eeliseid tuntud palve
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