absolute responsibility for running the country. Large areas of Canada and India were colonized at the expense of the French. The single greatest threat to George I came with the Scottish Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1719. However, James Stuart, their leader, was easily defeated and fled to Rome. His son tried to claim the British throne twice, but he was soon forced to retreat. On 16 April 1746, English army met the Jacobites in a moor at Culloden. 2000 of the Jacobites died, which ended Stuart pretensions to the crown. The British ensured British rule at the French fort at Quebec. During the reign of George III, Britain lost its American colonies and the United States was born. Britain recognised its independence in September 1783. In Britain, peasant farmers were replaced by farms, tiny strips of land were replaced by huge fields enclosed by hedges, so stray animals couldn't ruin the crops or mix with improved breeds of sheep and cattle
particularly the exile of the Catholic King James II from 16881701. James II was dead by the time Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, but his heir James Francis Edward Stuart, also Catholic, maintained his pretensions to the British throne from a court in France (primarily at SaintGermainenLaye) until 1717, and both Jameses were regarded as a serious threat to the stability of the British monarchy until the end of the reign of George II. The court of the Pretender attracted those Jacobites, and their Tory sympathizers, whose political activity precluded them staying safely in Great Britain; notable among them was Swift's friend, the Anglican Bishop of Rochester Francis Atterbury, who was exiled to France in 1722. Swift's Lilliputian claims that the machinations of "BigEndian exiles" at the court of the Emperor of Blefuscu have brought about a continuous war between Lilliput and Blefuscu for "six and thirty moons"
Retreat / r'tri:t / taganemine Slaughter / 'sl:t / tapmine, surmama Pretension / pr'tenn / nõudlus Prolonged / pr'ld / kauakestev, pikaajaline Confine / 'knfan / piirduma, sulgema Foothold / 'fthld / jalaase, tugipunkt Coal / kl / kivisüsi George I left the power to the Cabinet which led to having a Prime Minister (first Prime Minister was Robert Walpole). The Scottish Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 threatened the King, but the leader of Jacobites, James Stuart, was easily defeated. During the reign of George III, Britain lost its American colonies and the United States was born. In 1805 Admiral Nelson defeated the French navy in the Battle of Trafalgar. In 1815 Arthur Wellesley, known as the Duke of Wellington, ended Napoleon Bonaparte´s plan to rule the world in the Battle of Waterloo. Captain James Cook changed the map of the world, mapped many seaways and countries
dynasty Attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland in 1708, in 1715 Jacobite rising he landed safely after the victory of his followers at Sheriffmuir. By Feb 1716 he settled peacefully in Rome The young pretender/ Bonnie prince Charlie Was the grandson of James II The son of the Old Pretender, France agreed to support him in order to control England. He landed in Scotland in 1745. Supported by his highlanders and Jacobites he had some success, was afraid to act alone, returned half-way, was never recognised by the pope, became the man on the run, drank The War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748 Struggle between Prussia and Austria for mastery of the German states. Maria Theresa was challenged by Philip of Spain and Augustus III of Poland. The fighting involved even the New World and India, but the final balance of power was decided only after Seven Years War
the Hanoverian Dynasty, and effectively countervailed Jacobitism. *The Jackobite Rebellions of 1708, 1715, 1745 They were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The uprisings were aimed at returning James VII of Scotland and II of England, and later his descendants of the House of Stuart, to the throne. Although each Jacobite Rising has unique features, they all formed part of a larger series of military campaigns by Jacobites attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the thrones of Scotland and England. The risings continued, and even intensified, after the House of Hanover succeeded to the British Throne. They continued until the last Jacobite Rebellion led by Charles Stuart was defeated, ending any realistic hope of a Stuart restoration. *The Old Pretender/ the Chevalier St George The Two Pretenders were James Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender, and his son Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender.
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