Soccer-mom, botox, speed-dating, fashionista Affixation The adding of a grammatical element that is an integral part of a word, but is not the main meaning-bearing part (known as the `root'). The -ed of walked and the dis- of dislike are examples. Prefixes an element placed in the beginning of the word to adjust or to qualify its meaning. (Become, forget, within, dismiss) Suffixes an element placed in the end of the word to form a derivative. (maker, actor, artist, vixen) Infixes an element placed in the middle of the word. Almost no true infixes in English, except for colloquial speech and chemical terminology. (Shiznit) Combining forms A modified form of an independent word that occurs only in combination with words, affixes, or other combining forms to form compounds or derivatives, as electro- in electromagnet or geo- in geochemistry. Back-formation new words are formed by taking away affixes. (nt, connection, to connect). This process is based on analogy
20. Suffixes A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root (i.e., a base form), serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. A derivational suffix (such as the addition of -ly to an adjective to form an adverb) indicates what type of word it is. An inflectional suffix (such as the addition of -s to a noun to form a plural) tells something about the word's grammatical behavior. -able, -al, -ness, -ist, -dom 21. Infixes – An infix is an affix that is inserted inside its base. A word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word (rather than at its beginning or end) to create a new word or intensify meaning. The process of inserting an infix is called infixation. Examples: abso- bleedin-lutely “According to an approach developed in Optimality Theory, infixation is often if not always a phonological rather than a morphological phenomenon
o Selfie, fauxhawk, vape, Tebowing 17. Affixation Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –ness is attached to yield fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which pre- is attached to yield premeditate). Affixes can be bound before, inside and after the base of the word o Prefixes o Infixes o Suffixes o Combining forms Productive vs Unproductive affixes - Productive refers to an affix which is active in the language; it is used by writers today to create new words 60 % of affixes have been borrowed, 40 % are native o Deodorize De – reversing prefix Odor – base 1)free – can be separate words 2)bound – can’t occur separately
front of the stem of the word. For example: rearrange /re/ is a prefix. Suffixes – A morpheme that goes in the end of the word stem. For example: cleverly /ly/ is a suffix. Infixes – A morpheme that is inside of the root word. English doesn’t have these types of affixes. Circumfixes – Morphemes that surround the word stem. English doesn’t have these morphemes either. Affixes can be derivational or inflectional
tulemus, et konkreetset asja on mitu} Tabel wals.info Squamish (Kuipers 1967) total: k°a'i 'play hide and seek' k°ai from the root k°ai partial: s- 'old people' 'l'lmut from the singular s- 'lmu't Tabel wals.info Reduplicative prefixes, suffixes and infixes: a. Hunzib (Nakh-Daghestanian; eastern Caucasus) initial CV(C) reduplication (van den Berg 1995: 34) bat'iyab `different' bat'bat'iya `very b different' mugá `after' mu.mugá `much later' b. Choctaw (Muskogean; Mississippi and Alabama) medial CV reduplication (Kimball 1988: 440)
If two sounds have the same phoneme, they are treated equally. A phoneme is represented between slashes. Morphology: is the study of word formations and the internal structure of words Morphemes: the smallest units of language that have their own meaning or grammatical function. cat, cat/s, laugh/ed, un/able, sheep Free morphemes: cat, laugh, eat, red Bound morphemes: prefixes: pre- prejudge dis- dislike suffixes: -ist typist infixes attached within another morpheme. Infixation is common in languages of Southeast Asia and the Philippines, and it is also found in some Native American languages. circumfixes morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Morphs: the concrete realisation of a morpheme (`was' be, past, singular) Allomorphs: a/an Types of affixes: Derivational and infelctional
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