Savanna A savanna is a grassland ecosystem with scattered trees or shrubs. In savannas trees are small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. It is often believed that savannas are characterized by widely spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna communities tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest communities. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated with several types of biomes. Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone, occurring between forest and desert or prairie. Although the term savanna is believed to have originally come from a Native American word
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Plantae Magnoliop Magnoliop Violales Violaceae Viola L. Viola hyta sida – violet sororia Willd. - Common blue violet BLUE VIOLET Stemless herbaceous perennial plant. Native to eastern North America. Self-seeding freely. In gardens can become a weed. FACTS Give out cleistogamous flowers (insect pollinated flowers). Blue Violet mature plant may be 6 inches across and 4 inches high. Leaves are 3 inches long and 3 inches across and vary in color (from yellowish green to dark green). Leaves are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate in shape. https:// www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=hGz_mjsbywE CULTIVATION
•− Saepuru, koor jm (Sawdust, bark, etc.) 2. Biolagunevad jäätmed (Biorenewable wastes): •− Põllumajandusjäätmed (Agricultural wastes) •− Põllukultuuride jäätmed (Crop residues) •− Saeveski jäätmed (Mill wood wastes ) •− Aia ja pargijäätmed (Urban wood wastes ) •− orgaanilised olmejäätmed (Urban organic wastes) 3. Energiakultuurid (Energy crops): •− Kiirekasvulised puittaimed (Short rotation woody crops) •− Puituvad rohttaimed (Herbaceous woody crops) •− Heintaimed (Grasses) •− Tärklist sisaldavad taimed (Starch crops) •− Suhkrut sisaldavad taimed (Sugar crops) •− Söödakultuurid (Forage crops) •− Õlikultuurid (Oilseed crops) 4. Veetaimed (Aquatic plants): •− Mikrovetikad (Algae) •− Merevetikad (Water weed) •− Vesihüatsint (Water hyacinth) •− Pilliroog ja kõrkjad (Reed and ruhes 5. Toiduviljad (Food crops): •− Teraviljad (Grains) •− Õliviljad (Oil crops) 6
Oikos 50: 183- 190. 8. Eriksson, O. 1993. The species-pool hypotesis and plant community diversity. Oikos 68: 371-374. 9. Falinska, K.1991. Plant demography in vegetation succession. Kluver Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, Boston, London. 1-220. 10. Falinska, K. 1995. Genet disintegration in Filipendula ulmaria: consequences for population dynamics and vegetation succession. Journal of Ecology 83: 9-21. 11. Grace, J.B. 1999. The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: an assessment. Persp. Plant. Ecol. Syst. 2: 1-28 12. Grime, J.P. 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 8London) 242: 344-347. 13. Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley & Sons, London. 14. Hallanaro, E.-L., Pylvänäinen, M., Randla, T., 2002. Põhja-Euroopa loodus Bioloogiline mitmekesisus muutuvas keskkonnas. Nord 2001:15, Põhjamaade Ministrite Nõukogu. Kopenhaagen, 266-268. 15
· lisanditega ja segatud biokütused. Katlakütusena on Balti mere äärsetes maades praktilises kasutuses väga mitmesugused puidupõhised kütused ning mõned rohtse päritoluga kütused (eelkõige õled). Puidupõhine biomass kujutab endast puudest või põõsastest pärinevat biomassi, kusjuures biomass võib olla saadud otse metsast või istandusest (nn energiametsast), puidutööstuse jääkidest, korduvakasutusega biomass jne (vt Joonis 3 .20). Nii puidupõhised kui rohtsed (herbaceous) kütused võivad olla keemiliselt töödeldud ja sisaldada lisandeid ja kemikaale, mis mõjutavad nende materjalide kasutatavust kütusena. Korduvakasutusega puidus võivad lisanditeks olla näiteks naelad, elektrijuhtmete metall ning vaigud ja liimid (lammutuspuit), puidutööstuse jäätmetes vaigud ja liimid jne. Selliste lisandite sisaldus tuleb lähtuvalt keskkonnaohtlikkusest eriti täpselt klassifitseerida.
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