the subtitle duration by deducting the cue-in time from the cue-out time, and it then counts the characters for any given subtitle. Based on these two intermediate © 2013. Fédération des Traducteurs (fit) Revue Babel All rights reserved 412 José Luis Martí Ferriol results, the code divides the latter by the former, thus obtaining a value expressed in CPS for each of the subtitles. As far as words, the piece of logic has been pro- grammed to consider a "word" as any set of alphanumeric characters preceded and followed by a blank character. In the case of punctuation signs, if they are placed next to the word with no blank spaces in between (like the usual subtitling practice of putting hyphens at the beginning of a line to indicate that dialogue be- tween more than one speakers will be included in the same subtitle), the logic con-
face. The LM74 output is a 13-bit signed value. The part contains a tempera- ture sensor and a sigma-delta converter. It is available in either 3.3v or 5v versions and comes in an 8-pin SMT package. The National LM75 is similar to the LM74, but uses the I2C interface. The LM75 has a narrower operating temperature range: -55°C to +125°C. The LM75 produces a 9-bit output and includes a comparator that can indicate when the temperature exceeds a limit. The limit temperature can be pro- grammed via the I2C bus. Optical Sensors Slotted Switches Figure 3.6 shows a slotted optical switch. An LED is mounted in a plastic housing, facing a phototransistor. A gap separates the two, so if something Figure 3.6 Slotted optical switch. Sensors 59 moves into the gap, it blocks the light path between the LED and the photo- transistor. Slotted switches are often used to detect motor speed by placing a
2006). Recent data has indirectly shown that the To date there are 14 caspases that are divided process of apoptosis may play a role in post- into three classes based on biological func- mortem proteolysis and meat tenderization tion: cytokine activators that function in (Herrera-Mendez et al. 2006; Ouali et al. inflammation, apoptosis initiator caspases, 2006). In living organisms, apoptosis, or pro- and effector caspases (Fuentes-Prior and grammed cell death, is a complex mechanism Salvesen 2004; Herrera-Mendez et al. 2006). by which cells can be eliminated without During the apoptosis process, the initiator damaging surrounding cells (Kerr et al. 1972; caspases (caspases 8, 9, 10, and 12) activate Fidzianska et al. 1991). Apoptosis is initiated the downstream effector caspases (caspases and regulated by either the target cell or the 3, 6, and 7), which cleave specific target
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