composite cast and wrought-iron girder bridges over the River Dee on the Chester & Holyhead Railway collapsed. Three years later, 478 French soldiers were pitched into the Maine at Angers when one of the anchoring cables of a suspension bridge embedded in concrete tore loose during a storm, mainly owing to resonance oscillation and by the oxidation of the iron wires. The Dee Bridge disaster spurred the development of malleable wrought-iron girders, thought to be of safer construction. Collapse of the Basse-Chaine Bridge resulted in a twenty-year moratorium on cable- suspension bridge construction in continental Europe. Scientific analysis of bridge design during the 19th century It took the worst bridge disasters of the century in the USA, Great Britain, and France to usher in the development of standards, specifications, and enough regulation to protect the travelling public. The
61 62 The open working deck on the Jacinta is 32.0 metres (105 feet) in length from the bulkhead behind the winch to the top of the stern ramp. Ahtertraaleri töötekk 63 64 Trawl Winch (Traalvints) Mounted on specially strengthened transverse girders, is the trawl winch. The electric trawl winch is of the Robertson three-barrel type having two main barrels and one auxiliary barrel. Each main barrel is capable of holding 1350 fathoms (6 ft. to a fathom) of 3¼ in. circ. wire rope and the auxiliary barrel is capable of holding 80 ft. of 2¾ in. circ. wire rope. The main and auxiliary barrel clutches can be pneumatically controlled. Control valves at the winch provide engaged and disengaged positions together with neutral stop for manual
Fig. 9.8.3 A building model of the bridge structure. During the design and construction process the project team implemented both BIM technologies and Lean Construction principles and tools. This case study focuses on the construction stage of the project, highlighting two aspects: - The extensive use made of the building information model for fabrication of steel girders and concrete reinforcement, for monitoring and management of the supply chain of fabricated components, for formwork and temporary support structure design, for quality control using laser scanning, and for construction planning using 4D animation. - The ways in which BIM supported lean construction practices, such as its support of production management on- site using the Last Planner SystemTM.
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