Dutch borrowings boom, buoy, caboose, sloop, skipper, smack, yacht, dock, cruise, freight, scow, spool, kink, easel, etch, landscape, isinglass, dollar, brandy, geneves, tattoo, newizer, gherkien, buckwheat, wagon, boor, pumpkin, walnut, boss, cookie, coleslaw, Santa Clause, the Bronx, Harlem, Brooklyn, Coney Island Borrowings from Asian languages wallah, curry, coolie, juggernaut, bungalow, pundit, jungle, bandana, toddy, punch, verandah, Etymological doublets Words that have the same etymological roots but have entered the language differently. One, two or more words derived from one source. E.g. Cattle- chattle, road-raid, guarantee-warranty- guaranty. Folk etymology 1 - commonly held misunderstanding of the original word. Rosmarine- rosemary, somblind- sand-blind. 2 - when people themselves have made the word up- changed the grammar through time- naperon became apron, nadre-adder. Archaisms Is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current, many
13. Dutch ad Afrikaans borrowings nautical terms boom, buoy, yacht, skipper, dock, cruise, art easel, landscape misc dollar, brandy, tattoo, buckwheat, boss, cookie, coleslaw, apartheid (Afrik), trek (Afrik), tsetse (Afrik) NY place names The Bronx (Jonas Bronck), Harlem, Brooklyn, 14. Etymological doublets Doublet – one of two or more words derived from one source: • fragile (< Latin fragilis ), frail (< Old French frele) • Triplet – three such words, e.g. • Cattle / chattel / capital Dialect-based doublets: road (from ride on horseback), raid (from same), shirt ( from skirt), in Anglo-borman and French: guarantee (warrant in French is garant), thesaurus (treasure, storehouse, this is from Greek), computer (in French it means count).
massachusetts, michigan, mianiappolis, milwaukee, minnesota, mississippi, niagara, ohio, oklahoma, pontiac, seattle, wiaoming, jazz, blues, rythm and blues, rock and roll, jukes lang, cakewalk, jive, banana, jelly, jam, tote, vodoo, banjo, reggae, ska. AUSTRALIA- kangaroo, kookaburra, boomerang, dingo, coolibah, wallaby, koala, billabong, jumbuck, budgerigar, wombat, currawong, corroboree, barramundi, jackeroo. 4) Etymologycal doublets Wors that have the same etymological roots but have entered the language differently. One of two or more words derived from one source for exsample. Cattle-chattle, road-raid, guarrantee-warranty- guaranty. 5) Folk etymology First of all commonly held misunderstanding of the original word. Rosmarine- rosemary, somblind- sand-blind. The second thing is when people themselves have made the word up- changed the grammar throughtout time- naperon became apron, nadre-addre. 6) Archaism
feng shui, ginseng, gung-ho, kaolin, ketchup/catsup, kowtow, kung fu, lychee, loquat, mahjong, pekoe, sampan, tai chi, taipan, Tao, tea, yang, yen, yin. Japanese: aikido, banzai, bonsai, bushido, futon, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, jujitsu, Kabuki, kamikaze, kimono, koan, mikado, sake, samisen, samurai, sayonara, Shinto, shogun, soy(a), sushi, teriyaki, tofu, tycoon, yen, Zen Arabic: artichoke, alcohol, sugar, camel, alchemy, algebra, elixir, 13. Etymological doublets Two (or more) words derived from the same source, but having a different meaning. Fashion/faction Dialect based: Road/raid Seek/beseech Old English, Old Norse Skirt/shirt Rear/raise Anglo Norman, French Guarantee, warranty, quaranty Latin/Greek, French Thesaurus/treasure Abbreviation/abridge French, French Genteel/gentle
Currently living human beings Current king of France Extension might be indicated by listing the individuals separately or in groups. Extension might be empty. But empty extensions do not have empty intensions. Extensions only suggest intensions. Intensions determine extensions. Intensional definitions are generally prefered in philosophy. Intensional definitions might be: - Synonymous: Physician = doctor - Etymological: Physics = ‘natural science’ from physic in sense of ‘natural science’. Based on Latin physica, from Greek physika, literally ‘the natural things’, name of Aristotle’s treatise on nature. - Operational: A goal is scored if the ball crosses the goal-line. - Definition by Genus and Difference: What differentiates the concept from other species of the same Genus. Ice is Frozen Water
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