Clash of Civilizations (0)

Clash of Civilizations



Clash of Civilizations TheClash of Civilizations(COC) is a hypothesis that
people’s  cultural  and religiousidentitieswill  be thepri-
mary   source   of   conflict   in   the   post-ColdWarworld.   It
wasproposedbypoliticalscientistSamuelP.Huntingtonin   a   1992 lecture[1] at   the American   EnterpriseInstitute, whichwasthendevelopedina1993 ForeignAffairsarti- cletitled“TheClashofCivilizations?",[2] in responseto hisformerstudentFrancis   Fukuyama's   1992 book, TheEndofHistory   and   the   Last   Man. Huntington   later   ex-   panded   his   thesis   in   a   1996
book The   ClashofCiviliza-tions   and   the RemakingofWorldOrder.
The  phrase   itself  was  earlier  usedbyAlbert  Camusin 1946,[3] and byBernardLewisinanarticleintheSeptem- ber1990issueof TheAtlanticMonthlytitled“TheRoots ofMuslimRage”.[4] Even earlier,thephraseappearsina 1926bookregardingtheMiddleEastbyBasilMathews: YoungIsl amonTrek:AStudyintheClashofCivilizations(p.196). Thisexpression   derivesfromclash   of   cultures,   already
usedduringthecolonialperiodandtheBelleÉpoque.[5] 1 Overview Huntington   began   his   thinkingbysurveying   thediverse
theories about the nature of global politics in the post- ColdWarperiod.
Sometheoristsandwritersarguedthathumanrights,liberaldemocrac
y,andcapitalistfreemar-keteconomy had become the only
remaining   ideologi-   cal   alternativefornations   in   the
post-ColdWarworld.
Specifically,FrancisFukuyamaarguedthattheworldhad
reachedthe'endofhistory'inaHegeliansense. Huntingtonbelievedthat   while   the   age   ofideologyhad
ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state
ofa airs ffairs characterizedbyculturalconflict.Inhisthesis,he arguedthattheprimaryaxisofconflictinthefuturewill   be   along
cultural and religiouslines.[6] As   an   extension,   he   posits   that   the   concept
ofdi erent ffairs civilizations,asthehighestrankofculturalidentity,wil l becomeincreasinglyusefulinanalyzingthepotentialforconflict.
In   the   1993 Foreign   Affairsarticle,   Huntington writes: It   ismyhypothesis   that   the   fundamental sourceofconflictinthisnewworldwillnotbe primarily
ideological   or   primarily   economic.
Thegreatdivisionsamonghumankindandthe
dominatingsourceofconflictwillbecultural. Nation   states   will   remain   the
mostpowerfulactors   in   worlda airs, ffairs but   the principal   con- flictsofglobalpoliticswilloccurbetweenna-
tionsandgroupsofdi erent ffairs civilizations.   The clashofcivilizationswilldominateglobalpol-
itics.Thefaultlines between civilizationswil be
the battle lines of thefuture.[2] In the end of the article, he writes: This is not to advocate the desirability of conflictsbetweencivilizations.Itistosetforthdescripti
ve   hypothesis   as   to   what   the   future   may
belike.[2] Inaddition,theclashofcivilizations,forHuntington,rep-
resentsadevelopmentofhistory.Intheoldtime,thehis-
toryofinternationalsystemwasmainlyaboutthestrug-   gles
between   monarchs,   nations   and   ideologies.   Those
conflictswereprimarilyseenwithinWesterncivilization.
Butaftertheendofthecoldwar,worldpoliticshadbeenmovedintoan
ewaspectinwhichnon-Westernciviliza- tions were no more the
exploited   recipients   ofWesterncivilization   but   become
another   important   actorjoining   theWestto   shape
andmovethe worldhistory.[7] 2 Majorcivilizationsaccording to  Huntington TheclashofcivilizationsaccordingtoHuntington(1996),aspre-
sented in thebook.[8] Huntington divided the world into the “major civiliza-
tions” in his thesis as such: • Westerncivilization, comprising the United States  andCanada,WesternandCentralEurope,Australia 1


2 3HUNTINGTON’S THESISOFCIVILIZATIONALCLASH and Oceania. Whether Latin America and thefor-
mermemberstatesoftheSovietUnionareincluded, or are instead
their own separate  civilizations,will   be   an   important   future
considerationforthose   re-   gions,   according   to
Huntington.   The   traditionalWesternviewpoint
identifiedWesternCivilization   with theWesternChristian(Catholic-Protestant)
countries andculture.[9] • Latin American. Includes Central America, South America(excludingGuyana,SurinameandFrenchGuian
a),Cuba,theDominicanRepublic,andMex-   ico.   May   be
considered   a   part   ofWesternciviliza-   tion.   Many
people   of   theSouthern ConeregardthemselvesasfullmembersoftheWesternc
iviliza- tion. • TheOrthodoxworldoftheformerSovietUnion,theformerY ugoslavia(exceptCroatiaandSlovenia),Bulgaria,Cy
prus,GreeceandRomania. • Countries   with   a   non-Orthodoxmajorityare usuallyexcluded(Shia
MuslimAzerbaijan,Sunni
MuslimAlbaniaand   most   ofCentralAsia,
Roman   CatholicSloveniaandCroatia, Protestant and CatholicBaltic states). How-
ever,Armeniais  included,   despite   its   domi-
nantfaith,theArmenian   Apostolic   Church,
beingapartofOrientalOrthodoxyratherthan
theEastern OrthodoxChurch. • TheEastern   worldis   the   mix   of theBuddhist,Chinese,Hindu, andJaponiccivilizations. • TheBuddhistareas ofBhutan,Cambodia,Laos,Mongolia,Myanm
ar,Sri   Lanka, andThailandareidentifiedasseparatefromother
civilizations,butHuntingtonbelievesthattheydo   not
constitute amajorcivilization in the sense of
internationala airs. ffairs • TheSinic   civilizationof   China, theKoreas,Singapore,Taiwan,andVietnam.
Thisgroup
alsoincludestheChinesediaspora,especially in relation
to SoutheastAsia. • Hindu   civilization,   locatedchieflyin India,BhutanandNepal,   and   culturally
adhered tobythe globalIndiandiaspora. • Japan,consideredasasocietyandcivilization   unique toitself. • TheMuslimworldoftheGreaterMiddleEast(ex- cludingArmenia,Cyprus,Ethiopia,Georgia,Israel,MaltaandS
outh   Sudan), northernWestAfrica,Albania,Bangladesh,Brunei,Com
oros,Indonesia,Malaysia,Pakistan, andMaldives. • The   civilization   ofSub-SaharanAfricalocated   in SouthernAfrica,MiddleAfrica(excluding   Chad),
EastAfrica(excludingEthiopia,theComoros,Mau-
ritius,andtheSwahilicoastofKenyaandTanzania), CapeVerde,Ghana,   theIvory   Coast,Liberia,
andSierraLeone.Consideredasapossible8thciviliza-
tionbyHuntington. • Instead   of   belonging   to   one   of   the“major”civi- lizations,EthiopiaandHaitiare   labeled   as“Lone”
countries.Israelcouldbeconsideredauniquestate
withitsowncivilization,Huntingtonwrites,butone
whichisextremelysimilartotheWest.Huntington
alsobelievesthat   theAnglophone   Caribbean,for-
merBritishcoloniesintheCaribbean,constitutesa
distinctentity. • There   are   also   others   which   are considered“cleftcountries”becausetheycontainverylargegrou
psof peopleidentifyingwith separate civilizations. Ex-
amplesincludeIndia(“cleft”betweenitsHinduma-
jorityandlargeMuslimminority),Ukraine(“cleft”betwee
nitsEasternRiteCatholic-dominatedwest-   ern   section
and   itsOrthodox-dominated   east), France(cleftbetween   Latin   America,   in   the   case
ofFrench   Guiana;   and theWest),Benin,Chad,Kenya,Nigeria,Tanzania,
andTogo(allcleftbe-   tween   Islam   and   Sub-
SaharanAfrica),GuyanaandSuriname(cleftbetween
Hindu   and   Sub-Saharan African),China(cleftbetween Sinic andBuddhist, in the
case ofTibet;   and   theWest,in   the   case   ofHong
KongandMacau),   and thePhilippines(cleftbetweenIslam,inthecaseofMindana
o;Sinic,and   theWest).Sudanwas   also   included
as“cleft”be-   tween   Islam   and   Sub-
SaharanAfrica;thisdivisionbecameaformalsplitinJuly2
011followinganover-
whelmingvoteforindependencebySouthSudanin
aJanuary 2011referendum. 3 Huntington’sthesisofciviliza- 
tional clash Russia and India are what Huntington terms 'swingciv-
ilizations’   and   mayfavoreither   side.   Russia,forex-
ample, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on
its southern border (such asChechnya) but—according
to   Huntington—cooperates   with   Iran   toavoidfurther
Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to
help continue theflowof oil. Huntington argues that a
“Sino-Islamic connection” is emerging in which China
willcooperatemorecloselywithIran,Pakistan,andother   states   to
augment its internationalposition. Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are
“particularlyprevalentbetween   Muslims   and   non-
Muslims”,identifyingthe   “bloody   borders”   betweenIs-
lamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back asfaras the
initial   thrust   of   Islam   into   Europe,   its
eventualexpulsionin   theIberian   reconquestand   the   at-
tacks of theOttoman Turkson Eastern Europe and Vi-
enna.Huntingtona l s o believest h a t s o m e o f t h e fac-


3.2     TheWestversustheRest 3 torscontributingtothisconflictarethatbothChristianity
(whichhasinfluencedWesterncivilization)andIslamare: • Missionaryreligions,seekingconversionofothers • Universal, “all-or-nothing” religions, in the sense that it isbelieved bybothsidesthat only theirfaithis
the correctone • Teleologicalreligions,   that   is,   that   their   values andbeliefsrepresentthegoalsofexistenceandpurpose   in
humanexistence. • Religions   thatperceiveirreligious   people   whovio- late   the   base   principles   of   thosereligionsto   befur-
theringtheirownpointlessaims,whichleadstovi-
olentinteractions. More   recentfactorscontributing   to   a   Western-Islamic
clash,Huntingtonwrote,aretheIslamicResurgenceand
demographicexplosioninIslam,coupledwiththevalues
ofWesternuniversalism—that   is,   theviewthat   all   civi-
lizationsshouldadoptWesternvalues—thatinfuriateIs-   lamic
fundamentalists.   All   these   historical   and
modernfactorscombined,   Huntington   wrotebrieflyin
his For-eignAffairsarticle and in much more detail in   his   1996   book,   would   lead   to   a   bloody   clash
between theIslamic andWesterncivilizations. The political
partyHizb   ut-TahriralsoreiterateHuntington’sviewsintheirpublished
book, The InevitabilityofClashofCivilisation.[10] 3.1 Why CivilizationswillClash Huntingtono ers ffairs six   explanationsforwhycivilizations will clash: 1. Di erences ffairs amongcivilizationsaretoobasicinthat civilizations aredi erentiated ffairs fromeach   otherbyhistory, language,   culture,   tradition,   and,   most   im-
portant,religion.Thesefundamentaldi erences ffairs are   the product of centuries, so they will not soon dis- appear. 2. Theworldisbecomingasmallerplace.Asaresult, theinteractionsacrosstheworldareincreasing,and
theyintensifycivilizationconsciousnessandaware-   ness ofdi erences ffairs between   civilizations   and   com- monalities withincivilizations. 3. Due to the economic modernization ands o c i a l c h a n g e , peopleareseparatedfromlongstandinglo-
calidentities.Instead,religionhasreplacedthisgap,
whichprovidesabasisforidentityandcommitment
thattranscendsnationalboundariesandunitescivi- lizations. 4. The   growth  of  civilization-consciousness  is  en- hancedbythe   dual   role   of   theWest.On   the   one
hand, theWestis at a peak of power.Atthes a m e time,areturn-to-the-rootsphenomenonisoccurring among non-Western
civilizations.   AWestat   the   peak   of   itspower
confrontsnon-Western   countries thatincreasinglyhavethedesire,thewillandthere-
sourcestoshapetheworldinnon-Westernways. 5. Culturalcharacteristicsanddi erences ffairs arelessmu-   table and hence less easily compromised and re- solved than
political and economicones. 6. Economic   regionalism   is   increasing.   Successful economic   regionalism   willreinforcecivilization-
consciousness.Economicregionalismmaysucceed
onlywhenitisrootedinacommoncivilization. 3.2 TheWestversustheRest Huntingtonsuggeststhatinthefuturethecentralaxisof   world
politics tends to be the conflict betweenWesternand non-
Western   civilizations,   inKishore   Mahbubani's
phrase,theconflictbetween“theWestandtheRest.”Heo ers ffairs thr eeformsof   general   actions   that   non-Western
civilizationcantakeinresponsetoWesterncountries.[11] 1. Non-Westerncountriescanattempttoachieveisola- tioninordertopreservetheirownvaluesandprotectthemselvesfrom
Western invasion. However,Hunt- ington argues that the costs
of this action are high and only afewstates can pursueit. 2. According to the theory of "band-wagoning" non- WesterncountriescanjoinandacceptWesternval- ues. 3. Non-Western   countries   canmakeane ort ffairs to   bal- anceWestern powerthrough modernization.  They
candevelopeconomic,   militarypowerand   coop-
erate   with   other   non-Western   countries
againsttheWestwhilestillpreservingtheirownvaluesandin-
stitutions.   Huntingtonbelievesthat   the increasingpowerofnon-
Westerncivilizationsininternational
societywillmaketheWestbegintodevelopabetter
understanding of the cultural fundamentals under- lying
other   civilizations.Therefore,   Westerncivi- lizationwillceasetoberegardedas“universal”butdi erent ffairs civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape
the futureworld. 3.3 Core state andfaultlineconflicts In Huntington’s view, intercivilizational conflict mani-
festsitselfintwoforms:faultlineconflictsandcorestate conflicts.
Fault line conflictsare on a localleveland occur
be-   tweenadjacentstates   belonging   todi erent ffairs civilizations orwithinstatesthatarehometopopulationsfromdi er- ffairs entcivilizations.


4 5CRITICISM Corestateconflictsareonagloballevelbetweenthemajorstates
ofdi erent ffairs civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out   offaultline   conflicts   when   core   states   become
involved.[12] Theseconflictsmayresultfromanumberofcauses,such
as:relativeinfluence   orpower(military   or   economic),
discrimination   against   peoplefromadi erent ffairs civiliza- tion, intervention to protect kinsmen in adi erent ffairs civi- lization,ordi erent ffairs valuesandculture,particularlywhen onecivilizationattemptstoimposeitsvaluesonpeopleof
adi erent ffairs civilization.[12] 4 Modernization, westernization,and 
“torncountries” CriticsofHuntington’sideasoftenextendtheircriticisms
totraditionalculturesand   internalreformerswho   wish   to
modernize without adopting the values and attitudes
ofWesternculture. These critics sometimes claim that
tomodernizeitisnecessarytobecomeWesternizedtoa
verylargeextent,sothatsourcesoftensionwiththeWestwill
bereduced. Japan,ChinaandtheEastAsianTigershavemodernized
inmanyrespectswhilemaintainingtraditionalorauthor-   itarian   societies
which   distinguish themfromtheWest.Someofthesecountrieshaveclashedwitht
heWestand somehavenot. Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modern-
izationisRussia,thecorestateoftheOrthodoxciviliza-   tion.
Huntington   argues   that   Russia   is   primarily   a   non-
Westernstatealthoughheseemstoagreethatitsharesaconsider
ableamountofculturalancestrywiththemodernWest.AccordingtoHuntin
gton,theWestisdistinguishedfromOrthodox   Christian countriesbythe   experienceof theRenaissance,Reformation,theEnlightenment,over-
seascolonialismrather  than contiguous expansion and
colonialism,andarecentre-infusionofClassicalculture
throughancientGreeceratherthanthroughthecontinu-
oustrajectoryof theByzantineEmpire. Huntingtonrefersto countries that are seeking to a li- ffili- atewithanothercivilizationas“torncountries.”Turkey,whose
political   leadership   has   systematically   tried   to
Westernize the country since the 1920s, is hischiefex-
ample.Turkey’shistory, culture, and traditions are de-
rivedfromIslamiccivilization,butTurkey’selite,begin-
ningwithMustafaKemalAtatürkwhotookpowerasfirstPresident
of   the   Republic   ofTurkeyin   1923,   imposed
westerninstitutionsanddress,embracedtheLatinalpha-bet,
joinedNATO,and is seeking to join theEuropeanUnion. Mexico   and   Russia   are   also   considered   to   be
tornbyHuntington.   He   alsogivesthe   example   of
Australia   as   acountrytornbetweenitsWesterncivilizationalheritage
anditsgrowingeconomicengagementwithAsia. AccordingtoHuntington,atorncountrymustmeetthree
requirementstoredefineitscivilizationalidentity.Itspo- litical and economic
elite   must   support   themove.Sec- ond,thepublicmustbewillingtoaccepttheredefinition.
Third,theelitesofthecivilizationthatthetorncountryis trying to join
must accept thecountry. Thebookclaimsthattodatenotorncountryhassuccess-
fullyredefineditscivilizationalidentity,thismostlydue   to   the
elites   of   the   'host'   civilizationrefusingto   accept
thetorncountry,thoughifTurkeygainedmembershipin
theEuropeanUnion,it has been noted that many of its
people would support Westernization, as in thefollow-
ing quotebyEU Minister Egemen Bağış: “This is what
Europe needs to do: they need to say that whenTurkey
fulfillsallrequirements,Turkeywillbecomeamemberof
theEUondateX.Then,wewillregaintheTukishpublic opinion support
in   one   day.”.[13]If   this   were   to   happen,
itwould,accordingtoHuntington,bethefirsttoredefine   its civilizationalidentity. 5 Criticism Huntington hasfallenunder  the stern critique of vari-
ous academic writers, whohaveeither empirically, his-
torically,logically,orideologicallychallengedhisclaims
(Fox,2005;MungiuPippidi&Mindruta,2002;Hender-
son&Tucker,2001;Russett,Oneal,&Cox,2000;Har-
vey,2000).[14][15][16][17]In   an   articleexplicitly   referringto
Huntington,   scholarAmartya   Sen(1999)   argues   that
“diversityisafeatureofmostculturesintheworld.West-ern
civilization   is   noexception.The   practice   of   democ-
racythathaswonoutinthemodernWestislargelyaresult
ofaconsensusthathasemergedsincetheEnlightenmentandtheIndustri
alRevolution,andparticularlyinthelast
centuryorso.Toreadinthisahistoricalcommitmentof   theWest—
overthe millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast
it   with   non-Western   traditions   (treatingeach
asmonolithic)wouldbeagreatmistake”(p.16).[18] In   his   2003   book Terrorand Liberalism,PaulBermanargues  that  distinct   cultural
boundaries do not exist in the present day. He argues
there   is   no   “Islamic   civi-   lization”   nor   a   “Western
civilization”, and that the ev- idencefora civilization
clash is not convincing, espe-ciallywhen considering
relationships   such   as   that   be- tweentheUnitedStatesandSaudiArabia.Inaddition,he
citesthefactthatmanyIslamicextremistsspentasignif-
icantamountoftimelivingand/orstudyingintheWest-
ernworld.AccordingtoBerman,conflictarisesbecause
ofphilosophicalbeliefsvarious groups share (or do not
share),regardlessofculturalorreligiousidentity.[19] EdwardSaidissuedaresponsetoHuntington’sthesisin his 2001
article,   "The   Clash   of   Ignorance".[20]Said   ar-
guesthatHuntington’scategorizationoftheworld’sfixed“civilizations”
omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of
culture. A longtime critic of theHunting-


5.2IntermediateRegion 5 tonian paradigm, and an outspoken proponent of Arab
issues,EdwardSaid(2004)alsoarguesthattheclashof
civilizationsthesisisanexampleof“thepurestinvidious
racism,asortofparodyofHitleriansciencedirectedto-   day against Arabs and Muslims” (p.293).[21] Noam Chomskyhas criticized the concept of the clash
of   civilizations   as   just   being   anewjustificationforthe
UnitedStates“foranyatrocitiesthattheywantedtocarry
out”,whichwasrequiredaftertheColdWarastheSovietUnionwas no
longer a viablethreat.[22] 5.1 Opposingconcepts Mohammad
Khatami,reformistpresidentofIran(inoffice1997–
2005),introducedthetheoryofDialogueAmongCivi-
lizations as a response to Huntington’stheory. In recent years, the theory ofDialogue Among Civi-
lizations, a response to Huntington’s Clash of Civiliza-
tions, has become the center of some international at-
tention. The concept was originally coinedbyAustrian
philosopherHans Köchlerin an essay on cultural iden-
tity   (1972).[23]In   a   letter   toUNESCO,   Köchler   hadear-
lierproposedthattheculturalorganizationoftheUnited
Nationsshouldtakeuptheissueofa“dialoguebetweendi erent ffairs civilizations”   ( dialogue   entre lesdifférentescivilisations).[24]In   2001, IranianpresidentMohammadKhatamiintroduced   the concept   at   the globallevel.Athisinitiative,the“dialogueamongcivilizations”
wasthe basisforUnitedNations’resolutiontonametheyear2001 as   theYearof   Dialogue   among   Civilizations.[25][26]The
year2001wasproclaimedasthe“UnitedNationsYearof   Dialogue amongCivilizations”.[27] TheAlliance   of   Civilizations(AOC)initiativewas   pro-
posed at the 59thGeneral Assembly of the United Na-
tionsin   2005bythePresidentof   the   Spanish   Govern-
ment,JoséLuisRodríguezZapateroandco-
sponsoredbytheTurkishPrimeMinisterRecepTayyipErdoğan.Th
einitiativeisintendedtogalvanizecollectiveactionacross
diversesocietiestocombatextremism,toovercomecul-
turalandsocialbarriersbetweenmainlytheWesternand
predominantlyMuslimworlds,andtoreducethetensions   and   polarization
between societies whichdi er ffairs in reli- gious and culturalvalues. 5.2 IntermediateRegion Huntington’s   geopolitical   model,   especially   the
structuresforNorthAfricaand   Eurasia,   islargely
derivedfromthe"IntermediateRegion"geopoliticalmodelfirstform
u-latedbyDimitri Kitsikisand published in 1978.[28]The
Intermediate Region, which spans the Adriatic Sea and theIndusRiver,is
neither   western   nor   eastern   (at   least,
withrespecttotheFarEast)butisconsidereddistinct. Concerningthisregion,HuntingtondepartsfromKitsikis contending that a
civilizationalfaultline   existsbetween   the   two dominantyetdi ering   religions ffairs (Eastern   Ortho- doxyandSunniIslam),henceadynamicofexternalcon-
flict.However,Kitsikis   establishes   an   integrated   civi-
lization comprising these two peoples along with those
belongingtothelessdominantreligionsofShiiteIslam,Alevi
sm,andJudaism.Theyhaveasetofmutualcultural,   social,   economic   and
politicalviewsand   norms   which radicallydi erfrom ffairs thoseintheWestandtheFarEast. In the Intermediate Region,therefore,one cannot speak
ofacivilizationalclashorexternalconflict,butratheran
internalconflict,notforculturaldomination,butforpolit-
icalsuccession.Thishasbeensuccessfullydemonstratedbydocum
enting   the   rise   of   Christianityfromthe   hell-
enizedRomanEmpire,theriseoftheIslamiccaliphatesfromthe
Christianized   Roman   Empireand   the   rise
ofOttomanrulefromtheIslamiccaliphatesandtheChris-
tianized RomanEmpire. 6 Seealso • Balkanization • Clash ofHemispheres • Civilizingmission • Criticism ofmulticulturalism • ColdWarII • Culturalrelativism


6 7BIBLIOGRAPH Y • Dialogue AmongCivilizations • Eastern Party inGreece • Faultline war • IntermediateRegion • Orientalism • Protracted socialconflict • Religiouspluralism • East-Westdichotomyininternationalrelations Individuals • CarrollQuigley • DimitriKitsikis • JacobBurckhardt • NiallFerguson • OswaldSpengler Book The West’s Last Chance: WillWeWin 
the ClashofCivilizations? 7 Bibliography • Ankerl,   Guy   (2000). Global communicationwithoutuniversal
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8 9EXTERNALLINK S 9 Externallinks • “TheClashofCivilizations?"–Fulltextoftheorig-   inal essayfrom ForeignAffairs1993 • “The Clash ofCivilizations?" • “If   Not   Civilizations,   What?   Samuel HuntingtonResponds   to   His Critics”, ForeignAffairs,Novem-   ber/December 1993(fulltext) • TheClashofIgnoranceProfessorEdwardSaid'scri- tiqueofHuntington’s'ClashofCivilizations’theory. • “YourNew   Enemies”bySaid   Shirazi,   aleftistcri- tique ofHuntington. • WarsofCivilizationsandWhyHuntington’stheoryappealstothe WesternMindbyJonathanPower • Booknotesinterview   with   Huntington
onWhoAreWe?,June 13, 2004 • NikolaosA.Denaxas, Theclashofcivilizationsac- cordingtoSamuelHuntington–
Orthodoxcriticism,2008. (inGreek)


9 10 Textandimagesources, contributors, andlicenses 10.1 Text • Clash   of   Civilizations Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations?oldid=703017742Contributors:Eloquence, Tim Chambers,Roadrunner,SimonP,MichaelHardy,Gabbe,Karada,Bronger,Dpol,Astudent,JohanMagnus,Gwyon~enwiki,AdamBishop, Rainer Wasserfuhr~enwiki, Boson, Fuzheado,
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sha,Mboverload,Wmahan,Neilc,Andycjp,Mineminemine,Iceager,Piotrus,Cwirtanen,Lumidek,MonkBretton,Blue387,Neutrality,   Naus, Lacrimosus,   Thorwald,   NightMonkey,   Freakofnurture,   CALR,   Mindspillage,   An   Siarach,   Rblumberg,   Rama,   Vapour,   Aris   Kat-
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GregorB,   Mimiian,Stefanomione,SilhouetteSaloon,   BD2412, Qwertyus,Rkevins,Rjwilmsi,Koavf,TitaniumDreads,Bill37212,Feco,YamamotoIchiro,Bibigon,Jeremygbyrne,Diza,LeAnh-Huy,
CJLLWright,Amirpedia~enwiki,Gregorik,Benlisquare,Benmoss,Uriah923,YurikBot,RussBot,Filippof,JohnQuincyAddingMa-
chine,Eupator,Fsolda~enwiki,UgurBasak,NahallacSilverwinds,Tfine80,Robdurbar,Cruise,CaptainKoloth,Robin.r,Rob117,Black   Falcon,KyleCronan,
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SmackBot,AimHere,Impaciente,InverseHypercube,Lagalag,Unyoyega,M1chu,Petercorless,Jagged85,Mdd4696,Kintetsubu alo, ffairs NilEinne,Mjolnir1984,Ohnoitsjamie,Betacommand,TimBentley,Skookum1,Miss.hyper,MK8,Fplay,Hibernian,Bonaparte,Jerome   Charles   Potts,
Delta   Tango,   Colonies   Chris,   Jdthood,   Aldaron,   Didier   Marie~enwiki,   Nonstopdrivel,   Wizardman,   Metamagician3000,
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ditor,Jo elo , ffairs ffairs Blesssins,RoLeoVers,Nictan33,Tasc,KirrVlad,SijoRipa,Vagary,Hectorian,Hu12,Kenny92190,N0osphR~enwiki, Levineps,Mtstroud,JosephSolisinAustralia,Tawkerbot2,VinceB,Connection,CesarTort,Gustavetraupmann,Xint,CmdrObot,Vanhelsing,
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Document Outline

• 1 Overview
• 2 Majorcivilizationsaccording to Huntington
• 3 Huntington’sthesisofciviliza- tional clash
  • 3.1 Why CivilizationswillClash
  • 3.2 TheWestversustheRest
  • 3.3 Core state andfaultlineconflicts
• 4 Modernization, westernization,and “torncountries”
• 5 Criticism
  • 5.1 Opposingconcepts
  • 5.2 IntermediateRegion
• 6 Seealso
  • Individuals
  • Book
• 7 Bibliography
• 8 References
• 9 Externallinks
• 10 Textandimagesources, contributors, andlicenses
  • 10.1 Text
  • 10.2 Images
  • 10.3 Contentlicense