recruitment officers were paid a bounty for each new recruit. 8. Why did they not ask for a birth certificate? They didn’t ask for it because many people at the start of the 20th century didn’t have birth certificates. 9. What were the only measurements that the sergeants needed to take before giving a young Tommy a green light? The only measurements that the sergeants needed to take were height and chest size. 10. What impact did the bloodshed the boy soldiers witnessed have on them? The bloodshed turned many teenage soldiers into vehement opponents of militarism as well as made them suffer from shock. Today it is more known as “combat stress” or “post-traumatic stress disorder”. People were also wounded, some even lost their limbs. 11. What were many of the British officers like? The officers were still teenagers and had responsibilities far beyond their years. They
politically stubborn. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who brought the Roundheads to the victory and temporarily ended the monarchy in 1649. Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled England for 9 violent years. The return of the oldest son of Charles I in 1660 is called the Restoration. In 1660 the Royal Society of London was established to promote scientific research. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution was without bloodshed or violence. The 1689 Bill of Rights limited monarch's powers. Parliamtary government was established. 1665 the Great Plague, 1666 the Great Fire.
When the Pope refused to end the marriage, Henry, with an eye also to seizing the vast and wealthy holdings of the Church, overthrew papal jurisdiction, married Anne Boleyn, and was declared, with Parliament's help, head of the English Church. Thus England became a Protestant nation. 8. Why was the time of Queen Mary's reign a troubled time? Mary was a devout Catholic. Her attempts to restore Catholicism to the country resulted in internal turmoil and much bloodshed. 9. In what way was Elizabeth I able to keep peace and order in the country? Under Elizabeth, order was restored and England entered upon her most glorious age. Elizabeth ruled wisely and well for 45 years. Through her policy of middle-of-the-road Protestantism, she held in check throughout her reign the proponents of Catholicism on one hand and the growing numbers of Puritan extremists on the other. A master
the Estonian education system, general living conditions and culture. The national epic "Kalevipoeg" was published, theatre and music societies appeared and the 1st Song Festival was held in Tartu in 1869. Since then the Song Festivals have become a national tradition, being held every 4-5 years. This all lead to Estonia's independence on 24 February 1918. In June 1940 Estonia became a part of the Soviet Union. On 20 August 1991 the Republic of Estonia was restored without any bloodshed. CULTURE? National emblems. The Estonian blue-black-and-white national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society, consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. Today there is a memorial plaque on the church wall commemorating the event. The Flag Museum was opened in 1996. During the Soviet time the flag was prohibited. But many people hided their flags somewhere and the flag was seen again in 1988 in public. A meeting was held in
The bell tolls for everybody, the bell is symbolically the funeral bell, it conserns everybody. The message of the novel is presented through inner monologue. When jordan joins the war agains facist, he wants to fight all tyrannia and improve social conditions, he has all the typical features of Hemingway heroe, tough, competent, brave. Seems to be against all forms of governments, comes to conclusion that the republicans way is the best. He finds communism helpful. The question is wheter bloodshed is justified and humane. Unlike earlier hemingway heroes Jordan is an intellectual. Jordan is against suicide, which is major theme in the novel, because Jordan's father commited suicide. Falls in love with Maria, daughter of republican mayor. Three days of love bring him back to life. Maria was raped by facists and her father was killed by facists, disturbed girl. Secondary characters are rememorable. Men and women act differently to war.
Heroes may be tainted by the very death or evil they came to fight. Soldiers fighting to preserve civilization may fall into the barbarism of war. Cops or detec tives battling criminals often cross the line and use illegal or immoral means, becom ing as bad as the criminals themselves. Heroes can enter the mental world of their opponents and get stuck there, like the detective in Manhunter who risks his soul to enter the twisted m i n d of a serial killer. Bloodshed and murder are powerful forces and may intoxicate or poison a hero. Peter O'Toole as Lawrence of Arabia shows us a man who, after the Ordeal of the battle of Aqaba, is horrified to discover that he loves killing. Another error heroes may make at this point is simply to underestimate the significance of the Supreme Ordeal. Someone hit by the hammer of change may deny that anything has happened. Denial after an encounter with death is one of the
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