human flourishing. In addition it helps to resolve conflicts of interest and assigns responsibilities for actions (praise, blame, reward, punishment). So morality is the glue holding together our society, without moral codes and values it would break down. Moralities purposes are related, but not identical. Different theories accent different purposes. For example utilitarianists think that most important are human flourishing and amelioration of suffering, whereas contractual system emphasise the resolution of conflicts. A virtuous person is someone who believes and follows all the purposes. The goal of morality is to create virtuous and happy people, who will develop a flourishing community. It is important that humankind uses its deepest potential for the greater good. The moral values do not depend on the religion, culture or individualities. They are the absolute universal principles that apply everywhere
They are one of the types of abbrevation. 13) Meaning change A word typically has not one meaning but several. Fading- an old sense of a word fades away- dies Radiation- a new sense of words are created. Extention of meaning- widened meanings. Generalization Specialization of menaing- means narrowing the meaning. Denotative shift is movement in sideways, a combination of extention and specialization. Nt gossip--godfather and idle talk. Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration Amelioration- improvement of meaning. 14) Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphoe- based upone a perception of similarity. Mouse- computer mouse and quiet as a mouse. Dead metaphore- flowerbed Conduit metaphor-ideas and meanings are objects. Conceptual metaphore- the essence is understaning and experience one kind of thing in terms of the other. Orientational metaphor- happy is up, sad is down. Metonymy- is a word that is not called by its own name but by the name it is assosiated with.
e.g. gossip-- godfather and idle talk. Metaphor and metonymy Metaphor- based upon a perception of similarity. Mouse- computer mouse and quiet as a mouse. Metonymy- is a word that is not called by its own name but by the name it is associated with Hollywood. Meaning restriction and extension. Specialization of meaning- means narrowing the meaning, extended - widened meanings. Generalization. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration. Amelioration- improvement of meaning. Monosemy Word only has one meaning. Polysemy the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonyms words with the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning. Skate, mouth Homophones words that are pronounced the same. Rose, to-two-too Homographs words that are spelled the same. Lead, close, wind. Synonyms words that share the same denotative, different spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning
) The American financial world or money market. 34. Meaning restriction and extension Euphemism: the useo f terms of innocent meaning to denote what is unpleasant or indelicate: Toilet = cloakroom (UK polite word for toilet, especially in a public building); senior citizen – old person polite way; merry - drunk, to go – to die, perspiration – sweat, plump – fat. 35. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning, deterioration) <> Amelioration (improvement of meaning) Pejoration: • - in moral terms • - unpleasant social implication • - unpleasant aesthetic implication • - psychological causes Examples: propaganda, grotesque, peasant Amelioration: nice (used to mean stupid) Weaking of meaning Terribly: in a terrible manner, so as to cause terror or dread OR very painfully OR in an exceedingly incompetent manner or very poorly OR: terribly = very much (I’m terribly please with them, or terribly sorry for them). Also awfully
Tähistamaks vahendeid, mida on võimalik kasutada vältimaks sotsiaalsete faktorite negatiivset mõju, pakkus Ferri välja uue mõiste - karistuse ekvivalendid. The elimination of the causes of crime, 113 Economic remedies for crime, 114 Drink and crime, 116 Drunkenness an effect of bad social conditions, 120 Taxation of drink, 120 Laws against drink, 121 1 Social amelioration a substitute for penal law, 121 Social legislation and crime, 122 Political amelioration as a preventive of crime, 124 Decentralisation a preventive, 126 Legal and administrative preventives, 128 Prisoners' Aid Societies, 130 Education and crime, 130 Popular entertainments and crime, 131 Physical education as a remedy for crime Karistuse ekvivalente (suunatud ühiskonnale, mitte indiviidile ja nende eesmärk on
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