In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything from appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings and infrastructure. The steam engine was also integral to industrialization. In 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) developed the first practical steam engine (which was used primarily to pump water out of mines). By the 1770s, Scottish inventor James Watt (1736-1819) had improved on Newcomen's work, and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships during the Industrial Revolution. Pages used: http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/gilded- age/essays/history-times-industrial-revolution
to be in charge of the mechanical workshop in the Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg. There, Kulibin built a "planetary" pocket-clock, which showed not only the current time, but also the month, day of the week, the season and the current moon phase. Kulibin also designed projects for tower clocks, miniature "clock-in-a-ring" types and others. He also worked on new ways to facet glass for use in microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments. During the 1770s, he designed a wooden one-arch bridge over the Neva river with a span of 298 metres (instead of the typically used 50-60 metre spans), offering to use an original girder with a cross grate. In 1776 a model 1/10th the natural size of this bridge was tested by a special commission of academics. Kulibin's project was praised by Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli, but was never realized. After 1780, Kulibin worked on possibilities for a
reached the Pacific Ocean. As it grew, it became the greatest industrial power in the world. It wanted to stay out of European problems, but in the two World Wars, it decided that it could not afford to let Germany win. In the 1940s it became the leader of the West and organized an alliance of the democracies. Today it is the only superpower left in the world. Tensions between American colonials and the British during the revolutionary period of the 1760s and early 1770s led to the American Revolutionary War. On June 14, 1775, the Continental Congress, convening in Philadelphia, established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. Proclaiming that "all men are created equal" and endowed with "certain unalienable Rights," the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson, on July 4, 1776. This meant war. Britain lost the war and lost America. It recognized the United States as a separate country in 1783.
over a period of several thousand years by crossing Beringa into Alaska. Research has revealed much about the early Native American settlers of North America who are also called Indians. Columbus' men were the first documented Old Worlders to land in the territory of what is now the United States. In its beginnings, the United States of America consisted only of the Thirteen Colonies. American colonists fought off the British army in the American Revolutionary War of the 1770s and issued a Declaration of Independence in 1776. Seven years later, the signing of the Treaty of Paris officially recognized independence from Britain. In the nineteenth century, westward expansion of United States territory began, in which the United States would occupy all the North American land east to west. Ratified in 1788, the Constitution serves as the supreme American law in organizing the government; the Supreme Court is responsible for upholding Constitutional law. Slavery was
acted presumingly. I think that European settlers shouldn't have done that because they went to foreign country where people were living and it was definitely not nice to act so. Most of the countries of Europe wanted to get land in America so they all made colonys there and started to bring there African slaves. Tensions between American colonials and the British during the revolutionary period of the 1760s and early 1770s led to the American Revolutionary War. In 1775, the Continental Congress, convening in Philadelphia, established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. Proclaiming that "all men are created equal" and endowed with "certain unalienable Rights," the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson, on July 4, 1776. That date is now celebrated annually as America's Independence Day. After the American forces had
form the most valuable part of the collection. Among them are the works of art by Pieter Breughel the Younger, Frans Pourbus the Younger, the workshop of Marten de Vos, Adriaen van Ostade, Jacob Gerritz. Cuyp, Jan van Kessel, Hans van Essen and others. There are some examples of German panel painting from the 16th-18th centuries, represented by the workshop of Lucas Cranach the Elder, Benjamin Block, Franz Werner von Tamm, Anton Graff and others. Angelica Kauffmann who in 1760s-1770s worked in London, is the representative of German late Rococo. Italian art is illustrated mostly by 17th-century masters like Bernardo Strozzi and Francesco Trevisani. An important part of the collection belongs to the Russian portrait painting from the 18th-19th centuries, represented by such masters like Dmitri Levitsky, Vladimir Borovikovsky, Vasily Tropinin, and Giovanni Battista Lampi who worked in Russia in the 18th century. The
By the 18th century, the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food. The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain, and attracted a steady flow of immigrants, especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants. The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies, and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population. The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers. Those threats were gone by 1765. 44. Flag. Great Seal. Motto. Anthem. The flag of the United States of America consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in upper left corner bearing fifty
76 77 UNIT 10 THE BRITISH EMPIRE (17TH–20TH CC.) Pre-reading questions Could you define the term ‘empire’? What colonial empire do you know? Do you happen to remember: – when the British Empire was created? – what major colonies it possessed? – when it came to an end? – what organization succeeded it? A. The First Colonial Empire (17th c. – 1770s) B. The Early Conquests The beginnings of England’s colonial policy are to be found in the twelfth century when the Anglo-Norman kings began their invasions of Ireland. The conquest was completed under Henry VIII who was declared King of Ireland by the Irish Parliament in 15411. Wales, whose inhabitants successfully maintained their independence throughout the Anglo-Saxon period, was conquered by Edward I in the late thirteenth century2
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