involved. Any such examination also needs to account for the context in which integrated care develops, and the diverse perspectives (service user, provider and so on) and levels of health care provision involved. Traditional research methods (such as randomised controlled trials) are often not feasible as they fail to capture the context and evolutionary processes allied to integration (Vrijhoef, 2010). Novel measurement approaches are being used to evaluate the integrated care pilots established by the Department of Health for England (Ling and others, 2010). The plan is to track the hospital use of a set of individuals receiving integrated care both before and after the individual started to receive the care using linked, administrative datasets. Since a robust comparator is essential, but randomisation is not possible, controls are
1 Problems Many studies of the problems and causes for the problems mostly point out the same issues associated with construction industry. The nature of the construction industry is very often characterized as the following (Koskela2 1992): Low productivity Poor safety Inferior working conditions Insufficient quality The construction industry is seen as an unproductive production system if compared with other industries, e.g., car manufacturing (Koskela and Vrijhoef 2001; Winch 1998). High levels of waste and unpredictability in terms of delivery, time, budget, profitability and standards of quality combine to 2 Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK. One of the founders of IGLC. Suggested TFV theory in 2000 as his PhD thesies. 10
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