Mexico City quickly became the political/military center for most of Spain's possessions in North and Central America - what they were to call New Spain. The conquistadores brought great wealth to the throne but they also posed potential political risks as they grew stronger. The Spanish monarchy sought to neutralize those risks. A royal judicial body, the audencia, reporting directly to the Spanish crown was created in Mexico City in 1527. .In 1535 Antonio de Mendoza was named the first viceroy of New Spain. The viceroy was the king's representative and as such controlled the bureaucracy (but not the audencia). Military figures in New Spain had important ties to political figures in Madrid and their relationship to the viceroy flucuated. The Catholic Church hierarchy was largely independent of the viceroy as well. Friction and intrigue was constant between these various organizations both in Mexico City and in the outlying areas.
● Enne XX sajandit sai ühtsest Indiast kõneleda vaid läbi suurte impeeriumide (nagu Mughal, Maratha, Delhi sultanaat) Vastupanuliikumised enne XX sajandit 19. sajandi esimeses pooles olid vastupanuliikumised üksikud ja organiseerimata - suruti kiiresti maha Kuid need olid üksikud ja organiseerimata, suruti kiiresti maha 1857 suurem ülestõus - hindud sõjaväes vallutavad Delhi Poole aastaga on võim tagasi brittidel, kuid.. Võim läheb üle Briti valitsusele: Viceroy - briti asevalitseja Indias Usuline tolerantsus ja rohkem õigusi hindudel riigi ametnikkonnas Pattern 1853 Enfield - sea- ja lehmarasvast padrunid vihastasid nii hindusid kui ka moslemeid India rahvuslik kongress Moodustati 1885 Bombays Liikmed rikkast eliidist Algselt reaalne mõjuvõim puudus - koguneti väitlusklubina Esmased soovid/nõuded olid tagasihoidlikud - esindati eliidi huve
So it has now been ordained in the case of Veragua. It is an ill example and without profit for the business and for justice in the world. The fear of this, with other sufficient reasons, which I saw clearly, led me to pray your highnesses before I went to discover these islands and Terra Firma, that you would leave them to me to govern in your royal name. It pleased you; it was a privilege and agreement, and under seal and oath, and you granted me the title of viceroy and admiral and governor general of all. And you fixed the boundary. a hundred leagues beyond the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands, by a line passing from pole to pole, and you gave me wide power over this and over all that I might further discover. The document states this very fully. The other most important matter, which calls aloud for redress. remains inexplicable to this moment. Seven years I was at your royal court, where all to whom this
Rudyard Kipling - One of the most memorable English writers of all time Family of Joseph Rudyard Kipling Mother- Alice MacDonald Kipling. Alice Kipling (one of four remarkable Victorian sisters) was a vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[3] Father - John Lockwood Kipling. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor, an illustrator, museum curator and pottery designer, was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly- founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay. Later in life Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works. Kipling also remained editor of
resources," but that the Indians in the Sonora valley had told tales of a rich, faraway people with whom they traded. Two Franciscans, Fray Juan de la Asuncion and Fray Pedro Nadal, who traveled north in 1538 on a missionary journey, were also told of a country where people wore cotton clothes, had many turquoises and knew of larger and wealthier villages than their own. The first European to enter what is now Arizona was probably Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539.* The viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, had selected the Franciscan to lead a small party north. Accompanying Fray Marcos was a Negro who was one of the survivors in Cabeza de Vaca's party. This Negro, now a slave of Mendoza, was still called Estevan de Dorantes, after his former master. The party also included Fray Onorato and a number of Piman Indians who had come to Mexico with Cabeza de Vaca. Traveling northward the friar sent Estevan ahead with instructions to send back reports on what he found
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