36% of total vineyard plantings) in present vineyards, followed by pinotage and shiraz. White varieties still represent more than two-thirds of the total, but this has moved from an imbalance of 15% red and 85% white in 1990. In 2000 more than 80% of all new plantings were red, with shiraz, cabernet and merlot at the top of the list. At the same time, 87% of all vines uprooted were white, mostly chenin blanc, white French and colombard. There is a shift from chardonnay to sauvignon blanc, a varietal which lends itself to a larger range of styles and quality levels. All in all, in the year up to the end of 2000, 6 042.7 hectares of new vines were planted. In 2000 the total grape crop was about 1-million tons, from which 830-million litres of wine were made by 355 active cellars, of which 185 were non-estate "private producers", 92 registered "estates", 69 co-operatives and nine producing wholesalers South African cuisine
40. Synonyms A language specific phenomenon where different words share the same meaning. o Because of specialized lexis, foreign influences, expressive lexis Absolute synonymy – absolute sameness of all aspects of meaning. Very rare o Anyway/anyhow, everybody/everyone, Propositional synonymy – the words don’t change the meaning of the sentence difference in style/discourse o Start/commence, o Cross varietal synonymy – courgette/zucchini, tin/can, soda/pop Near synonymy o Non-denotational differences (connotational register, style) Cognitive Die, kick the bucket, pass away Firm, stubborn, pig-headed o Denotational differences – a matter of degree o Plesionyms - slight differences in denotational meaning, but fuzzy boundaries between degrees
varieties can achieve 85 to 100 percent seed set without insect pollinators). Diseases Diseases can be a serious problem in a sunflower field. Newer varieties have significantly improved resistance or tolerance, but once a disease occurs, little can be done for control. Verticillium wilt and sclerotinia stalk/head rot are two of the worst diseases. Rust, phoma and downy mildew also can appear. Sclerotinia is hard to avoid, since varietal resistance is minimal and sclerotinia organisms can be built up in a field by soybean, alfalfa, canola, and weeds such as lambsquarter and wild mustard. Harvesting and storage Sunflower is ready to harvest when the back portion of the head turns brown. The seeds actually mature somewhat earlier, but the head will be too wet for efficient harvest until the brown color appears. Timely harvest is important to minimize losses due to birds and late season diseases.
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