Referaat Islam Sisukord: 1. Islami tekkimine lk 3 2. Kalifaadid ja esimesed islami dnastiad lk 3 2.1 Abu Bakr, esimene kaliif lk 4 2.2 Umar lk 4-5 2.3 Uthman lk 5 2.4 Ali, Muhamedi ttrepoeg lk 6 3. Umayyad-i dnastia lk 6-7 3.1 Umayyad-i impeeriumi kokkuvarisemine lk 8 4. Revolutsiooni-jrgne islam 4.1 Abbasiidid lk 8-9 4.2 Fatimiidid lk 9 4.3 Dogmaatika ja usulahud lk 9-10 5. Mongolite invasioon lk 11-12 6. Suured islami impeeriumid lk 12-13 7. Teised islami usundid 7.1 Ahmadiidid lk 13 7.2 Mustad moslemid lk 13-14 8. Islami usukombed 8.1 Palvetamine lk 14 8.2 Palveesemed lk 14 9. Islami levik lk 14 Kasutatud kirjandus lk 15 1. Islami tekkimine Islami usk sai 7. sajandil alguse Araabia poolsaarelt
Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into Persian and Byzantine territories. When Umar was assassinated in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the first civil war (the "First Fitna"), Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. Following this, Mu'awiyah, who was governor of Levant, seized power and began the Umayyad dynasty. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the Shi'a. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the "Second Fitna". Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty
roads, circus, theatres and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, some of which coined in Lusitania land, there are numerous pieces of ceramics. Contemporary historians include Paulus Orosius (c. 375-418) and Hydatius (c. 400469), bishop of Aquae Flaviae, who reported on the final years of the roman rule and arrival of the Germanic tribes. MUSLIM IBERIA Portugal was part of the Arab-Muslim world for slightly under five and a half centuries following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 until 1249 with the taking of the Algarve by King Afonso III of Portugal during the Reconquista. After beating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus that stretched from the Indus river in India up
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