flexor (muscle)/bends arm/pulls lower arm up; 2 max triceps; (contraction) pulls on end of ulna; extensor (muscle)/straightens arm/pulls lower arm down; 2 max 3 max [9] 2+ 45. (calcium ions/Ca ) released from sarcoplasmic reticulum; bind to troponin; troponin changes shape; troponin/tropomyosin, moves; myosin binding site exposed; myosin head binds (to actin); 3 max [3] 46. (Alzheimer’s) 1 reduced uptake of isotope/less positrons emitted/less glucose in brain 2 cells; 3 reduced blood flow;
ja Pax7 -> müogeensed regulatoorsed faktorid:bHLH transkriptsioonifaktorid Myf5, Mrf4, MyoD. Dermamüotoom eristub müotoomiks ja dermatoomiks. Differentseeruvad unipotentseteks müoblastideks. Müoblastid liituvad lihastorudeks; Lihastorud organiseeruvad paralleelseteks lihaskiududeks ja need omakorda lihaskimpudeks. Samaaegselt liitumisega lihasrakud differentseeruvad. bHLH faktorid Myogenin, ka MyoD ja Mrf4 -> lihasspetsiifilised geenid/valgud: aktiin, müosiin, tropomyosin, troponin, titin, nebulin, desmin, dystrophin, atsetüülkoliini retseptorid. Osa müoblaste jääb eellasrakkudeks – satelliitrakud. Müoblastid liituvad müotuubideks, mis differentseerivad ja korralduvad lihaskiududeks. Täiskasvanud skeletilihaskiud – hulktuumsed rakud. Sadu tuumasid, lihaskiu pinna all,müofibrillide ja rakumembraani vahel.Sklerotoomi rakud jagunevad eesmiseks-tagumiseks pooleks -> pooled ühinevad -> selgroolüli. Luude moodustumine (osteogenees)
the largest component of the thick filament is and the beta chain has a molecular weight of the protein myosin. Together, these two pro- approximately 36,000. These two chains teins make up nearly 70% of the proteins in interact with each other to form a helix. The the myofibril of the skeletal muscle cell. native tropomyosin molecule interacts with Myosin is the most abundant myofibrillar the troponin molecule to regulate contrac- protein in skeletal muscle, making up approx- tion. Native troponin is a complex that con- imately 50% of the total protein in this organ- sists of three subunits. These are termed elle. Myosin is a negatively charged protein troponin I (MW 23,000), troponin C (MW with an isoelectric point of 5.3. Myosin is 18,000), and troponin T (MW 37,000). a large protein (approximately 500,000 Troponin C has the ability to bind calcium
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