· DNA microinjection DNA construct is injected with a needle into a cell, which is then cultured until a certain embryonic period and transferred into a surrogate mother · Retrovirus based Virus vector used to transfer RNA into the cell, which later RTs into DNA and incorporates itself into the genome. This yields chimeric animals, which are then inbred to give homozygotes · Stem cell based Totipotent stem cells are isolated, DNA is transferred into them and they are then incorporated into the embryo to produce chimeric animals GMO insuliin: firmad, tooted ja tulevik Insuliin on peptiidist hormoon. Sünteesitakse pankrease b-rakkudes preproinsuliinina (aktiivne insuliin saadakse ER-s endopeptitaaside abil). Insuliini tase kõrgeim: maks, skeletilihased, rasvkude. Bioloogiline funktsioon: organismis glükoosi taseme kontrollimine Insuliini struktuur:
hybrid is 3n; sterile; gametes have 22 and 11 chromosomes/hybrid has 33 chromosomes; some chromosomes unpaired; failure of meiosis; ref. uneven distribution of chromosomes; ref. other barrier to interspecific cross; max 2 [6] 33. meristematic/pluripotent/totipotent/cambial/undifferentiated, tissue; sterile conditions; nutrient medium to encourage, division/mitosis; produces callus; subdivided; different (nutrient) medium to encourage differentiation; detail of either medium; e.g. named nutrient or plant growth substance grows to plantlet; hardening medium/sterile soil; max 5
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