2 Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK. One of the founders of IGLC. Suggested TFV theory in 2000 as his PhD thesies. 10 give the construction industry one of the worst public images among the industrial sectors (Egan 1998; Koskela 2000; Santos 1999). The Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering, headed by Paul Teicholz at Stanford University, conducted research on labour productivity in the construction industry. The productivity of the construction industry in the US was studied in comparison with all non-farm industries over a period of forty years, from 1964 to 2003, as shown in the following figure. Figure 1.1 Labour productivity index for US construction industry and all non-farm industries from 1964 through 2003, source Teicholz 2003. Figure 1
9 allows identification, interaction, and calculation using the data and attributes associated with the model elements (Andrews, 2009). M.A. Mortenson Company defines BIM as an intelligent simulation of architecture, which enables to achieve integrated delivery. This simulation must exhibit six characteristics - it must be (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2008): • Digital; • Spatial - 3D; • Measurable - quantifiable, dimension-able and query-able; • Comprehensive - encapsulating and communicating design intent, building performance, constructability, and include sequential and financial aspects of means and methods; • Accessible - to the entire AEC/owner team through an interoperable and intuitive interface; • Durable - usable through all phases of a facility’s life.
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